LINCOLN’S SPRINGFIELD

GREEK REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE







Spring Creek Series


Richard E. Hart



Front Cover Illustration: Springfield Marine and Fire Insurance Company on the East Side of the Public Square: Circa 1860’s, designed by St. Louis architect George I. Barnett.[1]



Back Cover Illustration: The First Presbyterian Church built in 1843 at the southeast corner of Third and Washington Streets.




All proceeds from the sale of this pamphlet will benefit the Elijah Iles House Foundation.

The mission of the Elijah Iles House Foundation is to preserve, restore and endow the maintenance of the Elijah Iles House for the use and appreciation of the citizens of Springfield and its visitors.



From the 1820s until the Civil War, Greek Revival was a one-style-fits-all building design choice of rich and poor, in town and country, North and South, from the Atlantic Ocean to the new Midwest and around the Cape to California. There were regional variations, to be sure, and these help to make house-gazing a continuing pleasure in all these regions.




Lincoln’s Springfield:
Greek Revival Architecture in Early Springfield, Illinois
Spring Creek Series.
Copyright 2007, Springfield, Illinois. All rights reserved.
First Printing, February, 2007

LINCOLN’S SPRINGFIELD

GREEK REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE




























Richard E. Hart

Springfield Named State Capitol................................................... 10
1830................................................................................................... 23
Peleg C. Canedy Builds First Two-Story Brick Building............... 23
John F. Rague Designs Old State Capitol...................................... 24
Elijah Iles Builds American House............................................... 25
John Todd Stuart Residence on South Fourth Street..................... 27
Elijah Iles Builds House on South Sixth....................................... 28
Residence at Seventh and Enos.................................................... 30
Lawrason Levering House Built................................................... 30
1839................................................................................................... 31
Illinois State Bank Building Built.................................................. 31
Rev. Dresser Builds Greek Revival Cottage.................................. 33
Second Presbyterian Church Built................................................ 34
Davis Meredith Builds Greek Revival Farm Residence................. 35
Tinsley Building at Sixth and Adams Streets................................ 36
Woodcut of the Tinsley Building, South Side of the Public Square: June 4, 1850 36
First Methodist Church Annex..................................................... 38
John Gardner’s Greek Revival Farm House................................. 39
Samuel Jesse Stout Farm Residence............................................. 42
John F. Rague Advertises Real Estate For Sale............................. 42
1843................................................................................................... 43
First Presbyterian Church Built.................................................... 43
1845................................................................................................... 46
Sangamon County Court House Built........................................... 46
1846................................................................................................... 48
C. M. Smith Residence at Fifth and Jackson................................. 48
1853................................................................................................... 51
First Christian Church Builds New Church at Sixth and Jefferson Streets 51
Illinois State University Building.................................................. 54
1854................................................................................................... 55
Enterprise Building Built.............................................................. 55
1855................................................................................................... 56
State of Illinois Arsenal Built....................................................... 56
First Methodist (Episcopal) Church Constructed At Southeast Corner of Fifth and Monroe Streets 58
Portuguese Church at Eighth and Miller Northeast Corner............ 60
Island Grove Methodist Church................................................... 60
The May 11, 1855 Fire................................................................ 60
Preston Butler’s Photograph of the West Side of the Public Square Looking North: Circa 1859 61
Haerting’s Drawing of the North Side of the Public Square: Circa 1860 63
1856................................................................................................... 64
Edwards School Built................................................................... 64
Palmer School Built...................................................................... 64
Lincolns Remodel Home.............................................................. 65
1857................................................................................................... 65
Peter Cartwright Methodist Church............................................... 65
Trapp School Built....................................................................... 66
1857................................................................................................... 66
North Side of Square.................................................................... 66
Preston Butler’s Photograph of the North Side of the Public Square Looking East: Circa 1859 66
West Side of the Public Square..................................................... 70
Haerting’s Drawing of the West Side of the Public Square: Circa 1860 71
Decline of Greek Revival Style..................................................... 71
Ursaline Academy........................................................................ 72
Reisch Brewery............................................................................ 75

INTRODUCTION

A new form of architecture emerged and flourished in young America between 1820 and 1850. It imitated the forms of classical Greek architecture and became commonly known as Greek Revival.

The identifying elements of Greek Revival architecture were a gable-front and entry facing the street with an entry door surrounded by rectangular transom and sidelights (never rounded like federal), a hipped, low-pitched roof; porches with square or rounded columns (usually Doric), a wide band of trim for the cornice often with dentils; large windows

The style has several characteristics, principally the inclusion of a pediment on the façade usually supported by columns or pilasters. These columns then form part of the porch that can run the width or the height of the structure. Beneath the pediment is a frieze. In general, Greek Revival buildings employ wide trim and roof cornices. The entry door is located on the porch and is typically surrounded by small, rectangular windows. The roof is gable or hipped with a low pitch. Chimneys are not a prominent design aspect and are usually thin and plain. Also in keeping with the original Greek inspiration, the structures were entirely painted white in an attempt to resemble the marble exterior of the originals. The use of ornament is not common and in those cases where it is present, it is exclusively Classical in style (Carley; Hamlin).

The Greek Revival dwelling is bold in silhouette, broad in proportions, and simplified in details. The paradigm is the monumental two-story temple front with pedimented gable (trimmed by moldings along the base and sloping sides) or flat entablature. Columns may be freestanding or applied to the facade. Alternatively, when the eaves face the street, they are finished with a cornice and the gable side is embellished with a cornice return.
A portico may also be employed to frame the entry or the door may be framed by pilasters and an entablature. Pilasters may also be applied to the facade.
Greek orders are modified to accord with American taste and carpenter skill ñ free rather than mechanical interpretations of their prototypes.
The roof, whether pitched or hipped, is lower than in earlier years; roof height is also minimized by a parapet at the eaves or a flattened deck at the ridge.
The Old State Capitol in Springfield, designed by Springfield architect John Francis Rague, is one of the finest American examples of this form.

Rague’s design of the Old State Capitol ushered in a period from about 1837 to 1860 during which Greek Revival architecture thrived in Springfield. There are many excellent examples: the Old State Capitol (1837), the Elijah Iles House (circa 1837), the Tinsley Block (1837), the Lawrason Levering House (1838), the Illinois State Bank (1839), the Second Presbyterian Church (1839), the Davis Meredith Farmhouse in Ball Township south of Springfield (1839), the First Presbyterian Church (1843), the Sangamon County Court House (1845), the Third Presbyterian Church (1851), the Illinois State Arsenal (1855), the Methodist Episcopal Church (1855), the John Gardner Farmhouse in Gardner Township west of Springfield (18__).

For a number of years, I have been curious about John Francis Rague. He was born in New Jersey in 1798 and moved with his family to New York City when he was young. He worked as a draftsman in the New York office of Minard Lafever, a builder and architect who gave birth to the Greek Revival movement in America. He married and moved to Springfield, probably because of John Eddy Roll. In Springfield, he operated a bakery, led the choir at the Second Presbyterian Church, was vice-president of the Illinois State Musical Association, was a Town Trustee, was the first President of the Springfield Mechanics Union, and was the architect of the Old State Capitol.

What an extraordinary coincidence that Rague moved to Springfield from New York in 1831 and that in 1837 Springfield was selected as the new home of the Illinois capitol. And what a further coincidence that Rague’s Greek Revival design was chosen for Illinois’ new capitol building and that that building became the theater where Abraham Lincoln stared in a performance of one of America’s greatest dramas. It seems improbable that the Old State Capitol was Rague’s sole Springfield work, and I have often wondered what other Springfield buildings he may have designed or influenced others to design.

Proof meeting the test of legal evidence that Rague designed other Springfield buildings may never be found, but some reasonable speculations and deductions can be suggested from the known facts. Therefore, I will make my speculations and deductions from those facts and I welcome others to refute or concur with them.

What a magnificent little town Springfield was at the time Lincoln walked its streets. Yes, it had dirt and mud and pigs in the street and most of the housing and commercial structures were modest and vernacular, but these were common characteristics of most American towns and cities of that period.

Historians have long embraced this vision of Lincoln’s adult pre-Presidential environment as definitive characteristics of Lincoln’s Springfield. It fit well with a romanticized Lincoln who rose from modest circumstances in an uncouth prairie environment and bloomed only after he became President and moved to a more engaging and sophisticated Washington. Nothing could be further from the truth.

The Springfield that Lincoln knew was the proud new site of the capitol of a growing and prospering state. Its movers and shakers wanted the town’s significant buildings to reflect its newly acquired and growing self importance. Years before the behemoth of Chicago overwhelmed this sense of self importance, Springfield embraced the fresh Greek Revival style that replaced the old Georgian and Federalist styles. The Greek Revival style was an expression of a proud and optimistic America and Springfield welcomed the style in its residences, churches and commercial and public buildings.

Richard E. Hart
Springfield, Illinois
November 2, 2007
The story of Greek Revival architecture in Springfield begins with the birth of Minard Lafever on August 10, 1798 in Morristown, New Jersey. Minard grew up near the head of Seneca Lake in New York and was trained as a carpenter. In 1824, he moved to Newark, New Jersey.[2] He would become one of the fathers of the Greek Revival architecture in America. The story of the relationship between Lafever and John Francis Rague impacted on Springfield and culminated in Rague’s design for the Old State Capitol in 1837. Her is their story.

Seven months after Lafever’s birth, the most important Springfield Greek Revival architect, John Francis Rague, was born in Scotch Plains, New Jersey on March 24, 1799. John Francis was the youngest child of John and Hannah (Bonnel) Rague. His father, Dr. John Rague had come from France to the American Colonies as the personal physician of General La Fayette during the Revolutionary War. He married Hannah Bonnel in 1781 and remained in America after the Revolution.[3]

In 1804, Dr. John Rague and his family, including 5 year-old John Francis, moved to New York City where John Francis began attending school in 1806 at age 7. Dr. Rague died of a war wound when John Francis was a child.

On April 16, 1820, 21 year-old John Francis Rague married Eliza M. Van Dyke, and a tempestuous marriage and finally divorce followed.

In the 1820's, American admiration for Greece reached a burning intensity - sparked by her valiant struggle against the Turks and fueled by a new understanding of the vigor of her ancient culture. In the spirit of Greek architecture Jacksonian America found its aesthetic ideal.[4]

By 1821, 22 year-old John F. Rague was working in New York City.

In 1824, Minard Lafever moved to Newark, New Jersey[5] and four years later, 29 year-old Minard moved from Newark to New York City where he worked as a draftsman and carpenter for John Haviland, Martin Euclid Thompson, and Ithiel Town.[6] He frequently associated professionally with James H. Dakin, Alexander Jackson Davis, and James Gallier, who arrived in New York in 1832 and worked as a draftsman for Town, Davis, and Dakin.

Minard Lafever … belonged to a different world from that frequented by Town and Davis, but his influence also was deep and wide. Trained as a carpenter in the Finger Lakes region of New York, to which his family had moved in his early childhood from his birthplace near Morristown, he was entirely self-taught architecturally. He preserved all his life something of the common-sense practicality of his early training, and during at least the early part of his practice in New York (where he arrived in 1828) he worked as a draftsman for builders. It was hard and not particularly rewarding work…and apparently it prevented Lafever from emerging as a full-fledged professional architect until the forties. Davis never mentions him, yet undoubtedly his designs and his books exerted a tremendous influence in the New York of that time. It is by his first three books that his Greek Revival work must be judged: The Young Builder’s General Instructor (1829), The Modern Builders’ Guide (1833), and The Beauties of Modern Architecture (1835).[7] His artistic progress from the crudity of the first to the polished restraint of the last is amazing in so brief a period; it shows Lafever to have been not only an omnivorous reader but a designer of unusual and continually growing aesthetic sensitiveness. All the books are simple and unassuming. All bear witness to their author’s carpenter training and his eagerness to help those who like himself entered architecture through the building trades. Yet all the books show a driving, imaginative, creative force that expresses itself with clear and lovely restraint. The second and third contain probably the most exquisite and the least archaeological of all American Greek Revival detail—personal, inventive, restrained.

As a pure creator of beautiful form—the pure artist in architecture—Lafever was at his time unrivaled.[8]

In 1828, John F. Rague was working in the New York office of Minard Lafever, studying architecture and copying drawings and plans.[9]

In the 1829-30 Manhattan New York City Directory, Minard Lafever is listed as a carpenter living at 24 Watts.[10] After 1829 he listed himself as an architect.

In 1829, Minard Lafever published The Young Builder’s General Instructor.

Minard Lafever (in his "Young Builder's General Instructor," published in Newark in 1829 and one of the most of the many builder's guides that popularized ornament and construction details for Greek Revival architecture) extolled a temple in Athens - known to him only through books - for the "elegant base of the columns," the "grand" proportions of the entablature, the "spacious surface of the frieze," and the "strength" of its appearance.[11]

The 1829-30 Manhattan City Directory lists John F. Rague as a mason living at 21 Stanton.[12] In the early 1830s, this was a neighborhood of red brick row houses stretching north of Soho between Second Avenue and Washington Square. This district was New York’s prime residential area from the 1830s through the Civil War.


John Eddy Roll was born on June 9, 1814, at Green Village, New Jersey. He arrived at Sangamo Town in Sangamon County on June 7, 1830.

In the spring of 1828, William Roll, his brother, Jacob and the latter's son, Pierson Roll, arrived in Sangamon Town from New Jersey. William Roll became a farmer, his brother, Jacob, was the owner of a store, a grist mill and the Sangamon Town Postmaster and Pierson Roll became an extensive land owner.

In 1830, John Eddy Roll and his family arrived in Sangamo Town. In the Spring of 1831, John met Abraham Lincoln for the first time when he helped the latter build the flat boat that later became lodged on the Rutledge Dam at New Salem, Illinois. John made all the wooden pins used in constructing the boat. After Lincoln left Sangamo Town, John left the village and made his home at Springfield, Illinois.

In 1831, 32 year-old John F. Rague was still living in New York where he worked in the office of Minard Lafever.[13] James Gallier left a vivid impression of the architectural world of New York in his autobiography:

On my arrival in New York on the 14th of April, 1832, I considered a large city as the most likely place to expect employment in my profession, but I found that the majority of people could with difficulty be made to understand what was meant by a professional architect; the builders, that is, the carpenters and bricklayers, all called themselves architects, and were at that time the persons to whom owners of property applied when they required plans for building; the builder hired some poor draftsman, of whom there were some half a dozen in New York at that time, to make the plans, paying him a mere trifle for his services. The drawings so made were, it is true, but of little value, and some proprietors built without having any regular plan. When they wanted a house built, they looked about for one already finished, which they thought suitable for their purpose; and then bargained with a builder to erect for them such another, or one with such alterations upon the model as they might point out. All this was soon changed, however, and architects began to be employed by proprietors before going to the builders; and in this way in a short time, the style of buildings public and private showed signs of rapid improvement.

There was at that time, properly speaking, only one architect’s office in New York, kept by Town and Davis. Town had been a carpenter, but was no draftsman; he had obtained a patent on a wooden bridge, the right to erect which he sold to several parties in the States, and had made some money by it; he had been once or twice to London, and bought there a huge collection of books in various languages upon the arts, and furnished his office with a very respectable library…Davis, his partner, was no mechanic, but a good draftsman, and possessed much taste as an artist….[14]

In 1831, John F. Rague and his wife, Eliza, moved from New York City to Springfield. The first evidence of their presence is their joining the First Presbyterian Church in March 1831.[15]
In spite of his many talents, John F. Rague had a serious defect in his personality: he chased women and sometimes caught them! It mattered little to him that he definitely was not single. His wife testified that he began to stray during the second year of their marriage. Probably to save face, the couple fled from New York City and settled down in Springfield late in the fall of 1831.[16]

He came here from New York in 1831 and during his stay of ten years engaged in such a variety of unrelated activities that his record is somewhat fabulous. In addition to being a baker he bought and sold real estate, and served as president of the Mechanics Union, an organization that operated a school, and which later acquired our first church building after the church outgrew it.[17]

…(Rague) led a most colorful life and seems to have been a true Renaissance Man, or one skilled in many arts and sciences.

On July 26, 1832, John F. Rague advertised his bakery store in the Journal. He stated that he was a wholesaler, retailer and barterer.[18]


In 1830, … soon after it [a new Court House in the center of the Public Square] was finished a brick market house was built on the northwest corner of the square.”[19] From 1833 to 1834, Rague served as Springfield market master.[20]

Market House in Center of Sixth Street, between Washington and Jefferson Streets[21]

In 1833, John F. Rague submitted a bid proposal for the construction of a new Sangamon County Jail. His bid of $3,200 was not the low bid and he did not receive the contract. The bid, however, is evidence that Rague was working as Springfield contractor/builder during the early 1830s. His bid reads as follows:

Springfield [Illegible date], 1833

Dears Sirs:

I will furnish all materials and do all the work of the contemplated Jail According to the plan and specification for the sum of Three Thousand Two Hundred Dollars ($3200).

Yours [illegible word]
John F. Rague

John Rague’s Bid Proposal for Construction of the Jail[22]

Without a demand for his building skills, Rague eventually opened a bakery and accepted mundane town-government positions in order to support himself and his family.[23]

On August 29, 1833, John F. Rague advertised his bakery goods in the Sangamo Journal. He stated that he carried pilot bread, a very hard unsalted biscuit or bread that in earlier times was a ship’s staple.[24] He also advertised loaf bread, rusk,[25] crackers and cakes of various kinds. He also sold mead and beer. His place of business was a new brick house located near the public square and a few doors west of the Journal Printing Office.

John F. Rague Advertises Bakery In Sangamo Journal[26]

In 1833, Minard Lafever published The Modern Builder’s Guide, one of the most influential books in the history of American architecture. The book was responsible for the rapid dissemination of Greek Revival architecture in the United States. Local carpenters as far south as Kentucky and as far west as Wisconsin used the book as a “builder’s guide” to construct Grecian temple-type houses and public buildings.

The heart of The Modern Builder’s Guide is the collection of plates showing elevations and full plans for churches and “country residences,” details of such structural elements as groin arches, roofing, staircases and window construction. Most important are the examples of Grecian-style ornament for use on fireplace mantels and front doors, as parlor ornamentation, etc.: rosettes, anthemion bands, consoles, anta capitals, scrolled anthemia and acanthus design. There is also detailed information on practical geometry, construction techniques of carpentry, masonry, plastering, etc.[27]

In 1835, John F. and Eliza M. Rague were two of the 28 who withdrew their membership in the First Presbyterian Church and organized the Second Presbyterian Church, Springfield’s abolitionist church.[28]

The 1835 New York Register, and City Directory lists Minard Lafever as an architect.[29]

In 1836, John F. Rague was elected a Town Trustee of Springfield. He resigned when he left Springfield for New York in the fall of 1836. [30]

Springfield Named State Capitol

In the fall of 1836, John F. Rague went back East to work in Minard Lafever’s New York office.[31]

Rague left the growing Midwestern community of Springfield in 1836 to return to New York City for an extended visit. Perhaps he was summoned there by Lafever himself, who by that time was well recognized for his designing talents, having completed two additional builder’s guides. The great fire that destroyed much of lower Manhattan in 1835 resulted in a flood of new commissions for most New York architects and builders, including Lafever, so that there was an acute shortage of trained personnel. Even if Lafever had not contacted him personally, Rague would have known of the situation in New York through newspaper accounts or personal correspondence. However, another factor, closer to home, seems a more probable motivation. Rague would have known of the plans to establish the state capitol in Springfield. Seeing the design of this structure as a potential commission, Rague may have seized upon the idea of a New York sojourn, viewing it as a refresher course tailored to fit his own ambitions. Knowing that his local prestige would be increased by the trip, even to the point of enabling him to secure the important capitol commission, would have been a powerful added incentive to his decision to go East. Ultimately, his success in winning the open competition against such professionals as A. J. Davis (1803-1892) and Ithiel Town (1794-1844) in 1837 allowed Rague to advance his professional status from carpenter-builder to architect, a change that might not have been possible had he remained at home in Springfield.[32]
In 1836, John F. Rague purchased farmland.[33]

In 1835, Minard Lafever published The Beauties of Modern Architecture.[34]

On March 27, 1837, John F. Rague published a most interesting notice in the Journal. It was captioned in bold letters “ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS.” He introduced himself by stating the he “had just returned from New York. He states that he has ten years of experience as a builder in “the city,” and now offers his services to the citizens of this country. The “city” is undoubtledly New York City where he worked from at least 1828 to the fall of 1831, prior to moving to Springfield. He now offers his services to Springfield. He states that he will “execute plans and elevations for buildings in any of the orders of architecture—write specifications, receive estimates, (and superintend any work of sufficient importance to require it) and construct foundations in such a manner that the buildings with neither settle or crack.”[35]

John F. Rague’s Advertisement For Architectural Drawing

He states that he was prepared to execute rough castings in imitation of granite or any other stone and would do stucco work with “enriched cornices, centre pieces, etc.” He stated that wood cravings for buildings had been to a great degree replaced in Eastern Cities. He would furnish egg and dart mouldings, stair brackets, etc. at less than half the cost of wood carving.

In April 1837, the Mechanics Institute was established in Springfield under the presidency of John F. Rague. It had a short and uneventful career and was succeeded by the Mechanics Union in 1839.[36]

On March 22, 1838, 101 citizens of Springfield, including John F. Rague, signed a note for $16,666.67 to the State Bank to enable the town to pay the second installment of a pledge made in February 1837 to obtain the capital.[37]

On January 31, 1839, John Eddy Roll married Harriet Van Dyke, who was born on January 29, 1815, in New York City. Harriet was the sister of Elizabeth Rague, the wife of John F. Rague.[38]

John Eddy Roll

The 1839-40 Manhattan, New York City New York Directory lists Minard Lefever as an architect with offices as 9 Beekman and residing at 4 Allan.[39]

On February 23, 1839, The Illinois Mutual Fire Insurance Company was incorporated with John Francis Rague as one of the directors.[40]

In the fall of 1839, the newly formed Springfield Academy opened in a new building on South Fourth Street.[41] John F. Rague was a member of the Board of Trustees.

“…a joint stock company was organized, and an act to incorporate the Springfield Academy was approved March 1, 1839. In accordance with that act, the following named constituted the first Board of Trustees: Washington Iles, F. Webster, Jr., S. T. Logan, John F. Rague, N. H. Ridgely, Robert Allen and Charles R. Matheny.

Under the auspices of this association, the Academy building was erected. Messrs. Town and Sill opened a school in this building before it was fully completed. They did not remain long, however, but were succeeded in the fall of 1840 by Rev. J. F. Brooks. For two years the school was open to both sexes, and then for a few months, until Mr. Brooks’ connection with it ceased, only to females.[42]

For fifteen years (1839-1854) this institution, together with the Springfield Female Seminary which the Rev. J. F. Brooks conducted, and the Mechanic’s Institute, bore the brunt of the educational burden, although there were always a number of smaller schools.[43]

On December 17, 1839, a group of Springfield mechanics petitioned the Illinois legislature to pass an act incorporating the Springfield Mechanic’s Union.[44] Lincoln presented the petition in the legislature.[45]

Thursday, December 19, 1839. Springfield, IL. Lincoln reports from committee a bill to incorporate Springfield Mechanics Union. It is ordered to second reading.[46]
Monday, February 3, 1840. Springfield, IL. Legislature meets, City of Springfield and Springfield Mechanics Union are granted charters. Lincoln draws up charter for Mechanics Union.
John F. Rague, former baker but at that time architect of the Statehouse, was active in the Union until called away to erect the capitol of Iowa Territory. John E. Roll a plasterer, had as a boy helped Lincoln build a flatboat at Sangamo Town,
Membership in the Union was limited to mechanics of good moral character, free from all bodily infirmities. The first board of directors included: William D. Herndon, brick mason; J. Van Hoff, coach trimmer; John Armstrong, carpenter; John Connelly, cordwainer; E. R. Wiley, tailor; and John F. Rague and J. P. Lankford.
Thirty-five mechanics attended the first meeting in August, 1839, and an average of twenty attended the monthly meetings, held first in William T. Hatch’s schoolroom, and later in Watson’s “Long Room,” and the Reverend Francis Springer’s schoolroom. To provide funds to carry out the purposes of the society, the initiation fee of $1.00 was augmented by monthly dues of 25c pay­able at the roll call of each meeting. Members in good standing for six months could, during illness, draw $3.00 a week sick benefit,_
“until such disability shall terminate in health or death: Provided, that such disability has not arisen from drunkenness, horse racing, voluntary fighting, or any other vicious, improper or immoral act.”
The Union, upon the death of a member, offered $20 toward defraying funeral expenses, and, should they need it, the widow and orphans were entitled to not less than $20, nor more than $50, from the widows’ fund. Loans up to $50 at 12 per cent interest were made at the discretion of the board of directors. The Union collected almost $1,000 in dues and fines during its seven and a half years of activity. The smallness of its funds was a constant handicap in the establishment of a school for the children of the mechanics. In 1840 school plans were postponed because of the “peculiar pressure of the times.” A year later, a subscription paper which was passed among the members and the business men of the city failed to raise $450 needed to build a frame schoolhouse. In May, 1842, the First Presbyterian Church laid the cornerstone of a new church at the southeast corner of Third and Washington streets. The church, anxious to dispose of its old building, located just south of the new structure, offered to sell it to the Union for $500. The deal was made, the Union paying $212 in State Bank paper-worth but 75 per cent of its face value-and giving a note for the balance. The contract was signed in December, 1842, for the Union by Caleb Birchall, John Connelly, S. S. Kegwin and Thomas Lewis.

After the building was acquired, Michael Barry was employed at $250 a year as teacher of the school. A school board wag chosen, “‘consisting of Eli Cook, John Brodie, G. R. Weber, E. R. Wiley and Caleb Birchall. Tuition fees were set low enough for all mechanics. For $2.00 a quarter, a pupil could study spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, grammar, and composition. For $4.00, the school offered geometry, chemistry, Latin, Greek, natural philos­ophy and the history of the United States. Immediately popular, the school’s enrollment rose to 130. Until an addition to the build­ing could be erected in the fall of 1844, the girls were taught in the basement of the new Presbyterian Church.
Though deep in debt, the Union erected a five-foot fence to separate the boys’ and girls’ playgrounds. The Reverend Francis Springer, a decade later President of Illi­nois State University in Springfield, was employed in 1844 at an annual salary of $500. Miss Hutchins, teacher of the girls, was paid $200 per year, and Miss Torrey and Miss Cook, her assistants, $6.25 each a month. Firewood at $1.75 a cord was the greatest school ex­pense next to the salaries. Mr. and Mrs. V. M. Sheldon were employed in May, 1845 to take complete charge of the school. They were allowed seven­ eighths of the income for the services of themselves and their as­sistant. The remaining eighth was to be used by the Union for inci­dental expenses of the school. The plan of giving gratuitous instruc­tion to five orphan children, begun in 1844, was to be continued. The efforts of the Union to establish a library did not have much success. Inability to provide a permanent place of meeting- was one cause, but lack of interest among the members was the chief of failure. Resolutions of thanks to John T. Stuart for congress documents appeared in the local press, though it is doubtful i member read them . In 1841 the plan of public lectures by protn men willing to contribute their services was tried out. A conun consisting of William D. Herndon, John Armstrong and J. I called on Abraham Lincoln and asked him to deliver the first lee on the fourth Thursday in July. Lincoln accepted the invitation but what his subject was, or what he said cannot be determined. The success of this literary meeting in the month of July was couraging, for not again until November was a second meeting h James Shields, state auditor, delivered an address in the Methodist Church that drew from “St. Clair,” a scurrilous attack in the. Sangamo Journal. Union members were indignant and demanded of ed Simeon Francis that he protect the good name of the Union by printing Shields’s address: A month later, the third and last lecture given by Colonel J. C. Zabriskie in the Second Presbyterian Church t on the value and functions of a mechanics’ society.
In its literary efforts the Union sought to emulate the Young Men’s Lyceum, a flourishing institution in Springfield. The seel
Wednesday of each month was set aside for a literary meeting, which some member read a paper on a subject of interest to : Whether the papers were too dull or the attendance too small early efforts to fulfill this provision of the charter met with lit success. Dropped in 1841, the practice was begun again in the f of 1843, the members taking their turn on the program in the order of their signing of the constitution. Papers were read on “Capital Punishment,” “Free Trade,” “Pneumatics,” “Political Economy and other subjects, and a successful season of literary entertainment closed in the spring of 1844.
The Union had an active and worth-while existence until t spring of 1847, when a shortage of funds made it impossible to pay off the mortgage on the building. The sheriff sold the property James C. Sutton for the debt and interest amounting to $235.39. 11 organization continued for another year after the sale and the ceased to exist.
The 1840 United States census shows John F. Rague living in Springfield, Illinois. In 1840, John F. Rague went to New York City.

Note. Mr. Rague the Architect left for the same point [St. Louis] on 31st March for the purchase of 10,000 feet pine, no action of the Board in relation thereto on record.
April 1st, 1840
Arch. Job.[47]
He went to hire skilled stonecutters and to order carved wooden capitals and hardware for the interior of the Illinois State Capitol. It was reported that while in New York, Rague advertised in the New York Sun for twenty stone cutters for the capitol building at $2.50 per day. Two came as a result.[48]

The bill of carving for the embellishment of the interior of the building including the dome, cost in the city of New York $2529.59. The carving having been shipped with other materials, it is impossible to give the exact cost of freight and charges; but it cannot have exceeded the sum of $250.00, which would make the net cost of the carved work amount to the sum of $2779.59. The contract for the carving and hardware was made by our Architect, Mr. Rague, by direction of the Board, and he was allowed the sum of $150.00 for expenses to and from New York; which is all that has been paid in the shape of commissions or for agents in their purchase.[49]
Letter of John F. Rague to Archibald Job, dated October 5, 1850[50]

John F. Rague designed Iowa’s first state capitol building, which is located on the University of Iowa Campus at Iowa City and is known as of the “Old Capitol.”[51] It is in Greek Revival style. Construction Old Capitol began with the laying of the cornerstone on July 4, 1840. Nine days later, the project's architect, John F. Rague, resigned, leaving Chauncey Swan, one of the territorial government commissioners who had selected the site of Iowa City and the capitol, to oversee construction.

William Henry Harrison died on April 4, 1841. Springfield honored him with a memorial service at the Second Presbyterian Church where John F. Rague directed the choir.

Occasions of national sorrow were elaborately observed. In honor of the death of William Henry Harrison [April 4, 1841] the bells of the city were tolled at sunrise and minute guns were fired at two o’clock in the afternoon. This was the signal for the people to assemble at the Second Presbyterian Church, where a choir under the direction of John F. Rague sang hymns and Albert T. Bledsoe eulogized the dead President as “a scholar, a hero, a patriot and a statesman.[52]

On August 14, 1841, John F. Rague was elected a Vice President of the Illinois State Musical Society, organized to promote the cause of music in churches, academies and common schools.[53]


John F. Rague Elected President of Illinois State Musical Society

In 1841, John F. Rague served as an agent for the Illinois Mutual Fire Insurance Company.[54]

1841 had been the year that Rague was involved in the dispute over the financing of the Illinois State Capitol that ultimately led to his removal from Springfield. Although he was never proved dishonest, repercussions could have been unsettling enough to cause his lashing out as someone like Dessels who might have criticized his actions or honesty.
In August 1841, he was cited to appear before the Church Council for “Sabbath breaking, uttering falsehood, and ‘trifling with the sessions.’ Although the last charge was dropped, Rague never attended the Council to defend himself and was consequently “removed” from the church on August 24, 1842.

On July 15, 1842, John F. Rague advertised in the Journal “Houses, Lands, Farms and Lots—for sale.”[55] One of the houses is a “Grecian Cottage” opposite the Second Presbyterian Church on the east side of Fourth, between Adams and Monroe Streets.[56]

That well built and beautiful Grecian Cottage opposite the 2nd Presbyterian Church, 46 feet square, containing six rooms, a good cellar, garrett room, closet, pantries, well-room, inner portico, and portico extending across the entire front and standing on a lot 78 ½ by 160 feet in a beautiful part of the city. A credit of one or two years will be given for one-quarter or one-half of the purchase money if desired.
Mary Todd Lincoln, Jean H. Baker, pp. 99-100:
In the fall the three Lincolns left the Globe for a four-room frame cottage on South Fourth Street. The cottage has not survived, but in the pre-Civil war period it was standard housing for the families of Springfield's clerks, artisans, and mechanics who could afford, like the Lincoln's, a rent of $100 a year.
Eliza Rague was separated from the Second Presbyterian Church by letter in October 1843.[57]

As a contractor, Roll made repairs at the Lincoln home in 1849 and in settlement for the work received “six walnut doors and cash.”

The 1850 United States census shows fifty year-old John F. Rague living in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

In 1850, Minard Lafever was living in New York City where the City Directory listed him as an architect.[58]

In 1853, Eliza Rague left her husband and returned with their daughter to Springfield.

In 1854 at age 55, Rague moved to Dubuque at the request of Stephen Hempstead who returned to the city after completing his four year term as the Governor of Iowa. In that year, he designed a Greek Revival residence at 834 North Johnson Street–The Downey-Pickering-Glasgow House.

Minard Lafever died on September 26, 1854 at age 56.

In 1856, Elizabeth Rague filed for divorce on the grounds of drunkenness and adultery with "divers women." She field for divorce claiming her husband’s adultery was “publicly notorious” and his “licentiousness” had become so established that there was “no reasonable hope of his reformation.” “For the last three years John has become more and more addicted to the use of intoxicating liquors, frequently returning to his home drunk.”[59] In the file are notes written by one of Rague’s mistresses to him. (apparently Rague met her on Sundays, after church) They were torn up but someone (Mrs. Rague?) had carefully re-assembled and pasted them together to present as evidence. Mrs. Rague was granted the divorce.[60]

On September 22, 1858, Elizabeth Rague married Levi H. St. Clair in Sangamon County Levi was born on May 6, 1800, in New York, near Lake Champlain, and there married to Lorinda Spaulding, a native of the same State. They had four children in New York, and moved to the vicinity of Cleveland, Ohio, where one child was born, thence to Sangamon county, Illinois, arriving in June, 1833, in what is now Rochester Township, where two children were born. Lorinda St. Clair died on February 21, 1853, near Rochester. Levi St. Clair was married in Springfield, Illinois, to Eliza Rague. He died in April, 1866, near Rochester, Illinois, and his widow resided in Madison, Wisconsin.[61]

In 1862, Rague began to lose his eye sight, and he eventually became blind. He had divorced his wife and remarried. When the first wife heard of his blindness, she came to Dubuque and both of them worked together to help Rague until he died in 1887.

Harriet Van Dyke Roll, the wife of John, died in Springfield on March 19, 1880 and was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery.

John Francis Rague died in 1887 and was buried in Linwood Cemetery, Dubuque, Iowa.

1830

Peleg C. Canedy Builds First Two-Story Brick Building

In December of 1830, Peleg C. Canedy, a 27 year old bachelor, arrived in Springfield where he opened the first drug store and later added books to his stock. His business was located in the middle of the block on the south side of Jefferson between Second and Third Streets in Springfield’s first two-story brick building.[62]


Peleg C. Canedy’s Book and Drug Store on West Jefferson, First Two-Story Brick Building in Springfield-Circa 1830

As a row house, the Greek Revival dwelling is differentiated from its Federal predecessor mainly in the character of its ornament at door and window and in a certain vigor of proportion and simplicity of mien.[63]
In America, classical columns and orders were used mostly for decoration, often at entrance doorways in otherwise simply designed row houses.

John F. Rague Designs Old State Capitol

On February 28, 1837, the Illinois State legislature chose Springfield as the capital of Illinois and authorized the Sangamon County Commissioners Court “to convey to the Governor of the state of Illinois, for the use of the people of said State, all that piece or parcel of ground …known as the “public square,” containing two and half acres ..upon which piece... of ground … shall be erected a State House…for the State of Illinois.”


John F. Rague’s Old State Capitol
The Illinois State House Of Lincoln’s Time, Taken From A Building On Fifth Street And Looking East. The Photographer Is Unknown.

By the end of May, 1837, the Sangamon Court House on the Public Square had been torn down to make room for the new State House. The actual move of state government into the newly constructed State House did not occur until July of 1839. Sangamon County did not build another Court House for nearly ten years.

John F. Rague’s architecturally most significant building project in Springfield was the new Illinois State House. “His political and church friends helped him obtain the contract from the commissioners.”[64]

John Roll was one of the contractors on the Old State House in Springfield, while his brother-in-law, John F. Rague, was its architect.

On the Fourth of July the corner stone was laid with elaborate ceremonies.

Throughout July long queues of oxen, ten and twelve to a team, drew heavy blocks of stone to Springfield from the quarry south of Cotton Hill. And as people noticed its warm buff color, the feeling grew that this was the proper material for the building. The original plans--the work of Springfield’s baker-architect, John F. Rague--had called for a brick superstructure on a stone foundation. Late in July the Sangamo Journal reported the preference for stone: “The members of the Legislature, and other distinguished citizens, who have passed through here . . . have strenuously urged upon the Commissioners, the propriety of constructing the walls of this beautiful material.” As the months passed and the foundation neared completion, the conviction spread that the use of brick would be a mistake. Finally, in December, when outdoor work was stopped for the winter, the commissioners announced their decision--the building would be constructed of stone. It was a wise conclusion, for, aside from its graceful lines, the chief charm of the old building as it stands today is the soft buff color of its walls.

Work on the State House continued throughout 1838 and 1839. Early in 1840 it was ready for partial occupancy, but years were to elapse before it presented a finished appearance. In 1843, for instance, one of the newspapers commented on the fact that the roof leaked, and that much of the stone intended for the front columns was lying about the yard, where it was in daily danger of injury. Not until 1853 was the building completely finished.

Elijah Iles Builds American House

In 1837, Elijah Iles constructed a three-story brick hotel at the southeast corner of Sixth and Adams Streets.

Photograph of The American House at The Southeast Corner of The Public Square[65]

John Todd Stuart Residence on South Fourth Street


John Todd Stuart Residence on South Fourth Street

Doorways and windows are boldly delineated. Door openings are generally flanked by side lights and headed by an oblong transom light. Window openings set in masonry are marked by emphatic lintels, sometimes with carved keystones or Wooden window surrounds are heavily molded and may also emphasize a corner block or a heavy pediment. Windows are approximately the same size as in the Federal period and are typically six-over-six lights. Attic windows may be in a frieze beneath the eaves or in the triangular pediment. Dormers are not usual.[66]

5 bay eye windows in the entablature
door surround
pediment with dentils
Elijah Iles Builds House on South Sixth

Elijah Iles House-Circa 1837


Elijah Iles built a grand Greek Revival house at the southeast corner of Sixth and Cook Streets in about 1837.

Residence at Seventh and Enos


Residence at the Southwest Corner of Enos and Seventh Streets

Lawrason Levering House Built

Lawrason Levering House on South Second Street

“One of the most imposing early examples of Greek-Revival domestic architecture in Springfield was the Lawrason Levering House, which was built in 1838 on the west side of Second Street, north of Edwards, on the site of the present-day Capitol Complex. Built in 1838, the Levering mansion was a two-story, side-gabled, brick I-House with a prominent two-story Classical portico supported by Corinthian columns. A second-floor balcony was sheltered within the portico. There was a wide entablature present, and this was continued along the ends of the house in order to form a pediment on each of the gales. The Levering House was demolished in the early twentieth century in order to allow the construction of the Centennial (now Howlett) Building.”[67]

The land where the Lawson Levering house was situated was sold to Levering by Ninian W. Edwards in 1837 for $15,00. Levering was a partner of William Grimsley on the Public Square. Mr. Levering built the original dwelling, a story –and-a-half in 1838 and sold the property to Thomas Yeatman of St. Louis in 1847 for $4,000. Mr. Yeatman sold it to William Pope in 1849. John E. Owsley, a wealthy retired land-owner, bought it in 1856 and enlarged it as shown above, the columns and portico being patterned after his old home in Kentucky.[68]
1839

Illinois State Bank Building Built

In 1839, a majestic Greek Revival bank building was constructed in the middle of the East Side of the Public Square for use by the Illinois State Bank. It was a perfect compliment to the newly constructed State House, its neighbor across Sixth Street. It was called “the most chaste, beautiful and substantial building west of the Allegheny Mountains.”[69]

.--the splendid building, the State Bank, which has taken the place of a pond of water-have been built within the last year.”[70]

The rectangular-massed Illinois State Bank building is a one story, five bay deep, Greek Revival style structure with 20/20 double hung windows. The stone structure with front gable pediment conveys a pure classical esthetic. It was designed by St. Louis architect George I. Barnett.[71]


Illinois State Bank On The East Side Of The Public Square

The square Doric corner pilasters provide a bold frame for each facade. The pediment has a tympanum of horizontal flush board siding and is closed by a full entablature with a raking cornice of similar detail rising to the center ridge.

Two brick chimneys, one on each side of the center gable ridge, located at the (north) rear roof line.

A double door centered on the front facade is the single commanding element to this elevation. Eight stone steps lead up to the entry door, which is capped with a full entablature and flanked by Doric pilasters similar to those on the building corners. Each entry door has six horizontal wood panels. There are two identical fixed vertical panels over each door creating a heightened appearance to the entrance and facade. The foundation is constructed of cut slabs of limestone.

The symmetrical sides, (north and south) have six bays, each containing seven foot high, 20/20 double hung, wood sash windows. The simple wood trim surrounds provides focus and emphasis on the window. The top of each window meets the entablature at the eave. The windows are large and give the appearance of there being more window than wall.


Plate 52 From Minard Lafever’s The Young Builder’s General Instructor, 1829

Rev. Dresser Builds Greek Revival Cottage

In 1839, the Rev. Dresser built a Greek Revival cottage at the northeast corner of Eighth and Jackson Streets.


Rev. Dresser’s Home Built In 1839

This is the home that Abraham Lincoln purchased in 184__. He lived here with his family in this form until 1858, when it was enlarged by adding a full second floor.

Second Presbyterian Church Built

In 1839, the Second Presbyterian Church built a new church on the west side of Fourth Street, just north of Monroe Street. The rectangular, brick structure was a one story, four bay deep, Greek Revival style building with 12/12 triple hung windows. The brick structure with front gable pediment conveys a pure classical esthetic.


Second Presbyterian Church

The pediment has a tympanum of horizontal flush board siding and is closed by a full entablature with a raking cornice of similar detail rising to the center ridge.

Two brick chimneys, one on each side of the center gable ridge, located at the (north) rear roof line.

Two doors ____ on the front facade is the single commanding element to this elevation. Five stone steps lead up to the entry doors, which is capped with a full entablature and flanked by Doric pilasters similar to those on the building corners. Each entry door has four vertical wood panels. The foundation is constructed of cut slabs of limestone.

The symmetrical sides, (north and south) have four bays, each containing seven foot high, 20/20 double hung, wood sash windows. The simple wood trim surrounds provides focus and emphasis on the window. The windows are large and give the appearance of there being more window than wall.

The (west) rear facade is a solid wall of clapboard siding. The returns of the open gable meet the tops of the corner pilasters and follow a raking cornice to the gable peak. The trim detail of the raking cornice repeats the front facade pediment.

The belfry, centered over the entrance doors, extends above the front gable peak set back from the plane with the front facade and consists of three tiers. First, a square block of horizontal flush board siding and plain corner Doric pilasters, serves as the base for the second tier open belfry. The second tier, stepped back from the square base, is a Queen Anne style belfry with two open, half-round wood arches per side with round wood cut-out details at the corners of each arch. A vertical wood panel perimeter rail, with three panels at the base of each arch matches the panels of the entrance doors. The green metal pyramid roof of the tower contains a decorative triangular wood dormer on each of the four planes. The insert of the triangular dormer is white painted vertical flush siding.

Davis Meredith Builds Greek Revival Farm Residence


Davis Meredith Residence, Ball Township, Sangamon County, Illinois

The Davis Meredith House is located on Pawnee Road, one mile south of East Lake Drive, in Ball Township. It is a classic Greek Revival farmhouse, perhaps the most historic still standing in Ball Township.

It is a rectangle with the gable facing the road. The front door has a surround of glass sides and above the door light. The small porch is of Greek Revival style. While small and unpretentious, it is a classic adaptation of the Greek Revival style to the country.
Tinsley Building at Sixth and Adams Streets

The Tinsley Building at the southwest corner of Sixth and Adams Streets was built circa 1841.

Woodcut of the Tinsley Building, South Side of the Public Square: June 4, 1850[72]

“The Tinsley Building, erected in 1840, at Sixth and Adams streets, was the first three-story building on the south side of the square and the finest brick business house in central Illinois. ...In 1841 the mercantile firm of S. M. Tinsley & Co., occupied the ground floor. Immediately above was the United States court room in which Lincoln practiced until 1855. Logan & Lincoln moved its office in late 1843, or early 1844, to the third floor, front. Here the firm remained until the dissolution of the partnership in the autumn of 1844, and here began the firm of Lincoln & Herndon. “The furniture,” says one who was a student in the office, was “somewhat dilapidated, consisting of one small desk and a table, a sofa or lounge with a raised head at one end, and a half dozen wooden chairs. The floor was never scrubbed. If cleaned at all it was done by the clerk or law student who occasionally ventured to sweep up the accumulated dirt. Over the desk a few shelves had been enclosed; this was the office bookcase holding a set of Blackstone, Kent’s Commentaries, Chitty’s Pleadings, and a few other books.
“West of the Tinsley Building stood the store of Yates & Smith. In late January 1861, Lincoln wished to write his inaugural address. The crowds that came to see him at his office made work on the address there difficult. Mr. Smith offered the use of a back room on the third floor above his last store room, an offer which was accepted.”[73]
The corner building, the Hurst & Taylor section, stands today and is a State of Illinois historic site known as the Lincoln Herndon Law Offices.


Haerting’s Drawing Of The South Side Of The Public Square: Circa 1860[74]

First Methodist Church Annex

In 1842, the First Methodist Church built a wing to the church building. It was a one-story Greek-Revival I-Cottage. In 1852, it was moved to its present location at 605 South Fourth Street by John S. Condell[75] The dwelling has pedimented window hoods, cornice returns, a wide frieze (or entablature) board, and a front porch supported by Corinthian columns. Though predominately Greek Revival in character, the Condell House was influenced by the contemporary Italianate style and has decorative brackets along the cornice.

First Methodist Church Annex

Jay Slater’s House
Residence, Gardner Township, Sangamon County, Illinois

John Gardner’s Greek Revival Farm House


John Gardner House, Section 17, Gardner Township, Sangamon County, Illinois

This is perhaps the finest Greek Revival farm house in Sangamon County. It is located at 7369 Route 125, ¼ of a mile west of the intersection of with Route 97. It retains many of its Greek Revival features, although it has been sided. The house is remarkably similar to the home of Abraham Lincoln before the second story was raised.


John and Mary C. Gardner


The house is a one and half story rectangle with four bays or windows on the front with a center doorway with sidelights and transom light. The porch is modest and is in Greek Revival style with ___ plain square __ columns. The corner boards



The window have a surround that is classic _____.
The entablature The gable ends with entablature
There are two chimneys, one at each peak of the gable ends.
The dentals
The gable ends have two bays on the first floor and in the pediment there are two small windows allowing light and air to the half story sleeping area.




The cut stone foundation has window cutings for four windows symmetrical with the first floor windows. The windows on the south side of the house are protected with a wooden screen shown below.




Samuel Jesse Stout Farm Residence

Samuel Stout Farm Residence, Ball Township


John F. Rague Advertises Real Estate For Sale

William Henry

1843

First Presbyterian Church Built

In 1843, the First Presbyterian Church built a new building at the southeast corner of Third and Washington Streets. It was a classic Greek Revival church building with a partial portico and a pediment supported by two columns and brick pilasters. This was one of the finest Greek Revival structures built in Springfield.


First Presbyterian Church, Springfield, Illinois

The rectangular-massed First Presbyterian Church is a one story, five bay deep, Greek Revival style structure with 20/20 double hung windows. The stone structure with front gable pediment conveys a pure classical esthetic.

The square Doric corner pilasters provide a bold frame for each facade. The pediment has a tympanum of horizontal flush board siding and is closed by a full entablature with a raking cornice of similar detail rising to the center ridge.

Two brick chimneys, one on each side of the center gable ridge, located at the (north) rear roof line.

A double door centered on the front facade is the single commanding element to this elevation. Six stone steps lead up to the entry door, which is capped with a full entablature and flanked by Doric pilasters similar to those on the building corners. Each entry door has four vertical wood panels. There are two identical fixed vertical panels over each door creating a heightened appearance to the entrance and facade. The foundation is constructed of cut slabs of limestone.

The symmetrical sides, (east and west) have five bays, each containing seven foot high, 20/20 double hung, wood sash windows. The simple wood trim surrounds provides focus and emphasis on the window. The top of each window meets the entablature at the eave. The windows are large and give the appearance of there being more window than wall.

The (south) rear facade is a solid wall of clapboard siding. The returns of the open gable meet the tops of the corner pilasters and follow a raking cornice to the gable peak. The trim detail of the raking cornice repeats the front facade pediment.

The belfry, centered over the entrance door, extends above the front gable peak in plane with the front facade and consists of two tiers. First, a square block of horizontal flush board siding and plain corner Doric pilasters, serves as the base for the second tier open belfry. The second tier, stepped back from the square base, is a Queen Anne style belfry. The upper belfry has two open, half-round wood arches per side with round wood cut-out details at the corners of each arch. A vertical wood panel perimeter rail, with three panels at the base of each arch matches the panels of the entrance doors. The green metal pyramid roof of the tower contains a decorative triangular wood dormer on each of the four planes. The insert of the triangular dormer is white painted vertical flush siding. There is a weather vane at the peak of the belfry roof.

The building was razed in 1912.


Interior of First Presbyterian Church, Springfield, Illinois Looking North to Front Door


1845

Sangamon County Court House Built

“A special term of the County Commissioners’ Court was held on Saturday, April 5, 1845, to take into consideration the proposition for the purchase of ground for the erection of a new court house. The County Attorney, Stephen T. Logan, was instructed to purchase lots of James Dunlap and Robert Irwin, on the northeast corner of the square [Sixth and Washington Streets]. …The ground was purchased and a contract entered into with Henry Dresser, on the 11th day of April, 1845, for the construction of the building. ...It was erected according to contract, and occupied until the purchase from the State of the old capital building [in 1876], when the offices were removed.”[76]

The Sangamon County Court House and the Springfield Marine and Fire Insurance Company[77]

Haerting’s Drawing of The East Side of The Public Square: 1860[78]

The Court House was just north of the Illinois State Bank on the southeast corner of Sixth and Washington streets. It faced the Public Square and the State House. Like the State House and the Bank, it was a classic Greek Revival building, being two stories with a portico and a pediment supported by six columns and brick pilasters. Unlike the limestone Bank and sandstone State House, however, the Court House was brick instead of stone, and its Doric columns were of sand-covered hollow wood. In 1877, Sangamon County tore down the Court House and sold the subdivided lot.


The Sangamon County Court House and the Springfield Marine and Fire Insurance Company[79]



1846

C. M. Smith Residence at Fifth and Jackson

In 1846, C. M. Smith built a frame residence at the southwest corner of Fifth and Edwards Streets.[80]

C. M. Smith Residence


First Methodist Church Annex

Jay Slater’s House

Residence, Gardner Township, Sangamon County, Illinois

1851

Third Presbyterian Church Builds New Church at the Northwest Corner of Sixth and Monroe Streets

THE NEW CHURCH

We are requested to state that in consequence of a number of persons having expressed a wish to see the inside of the new Third Presbyterian Church, before the dedication, it will be open to the public all day on Monday next, the 28th instant.
In giving the above notice, we cannot refrain from congratulating our friends of the Third Church on the near completion of the elegant and beautiful building with which they have ornamented our city. Although the exterior is yet incomplete, it never fails to arrest the attention of all observers by the beauty and grace of its design, the justness of its proportions, and the excellence of its execution; and it has bee generally admired by all who give any attention to architecture.
The design is by Mr. George I. Barnett, of St. Louis, an architect of established reputation, to whom, for this design and that of the State Bank, our city is indebted for two of its chief architectural ornaments. Mr. Barnett has a fine genius for architecture, and has introduced in St. Louis a new and peculiar style which characterizes the ornamental architecture of that place, which he modestly calls. “St. Louis style,” but which others more justly call by the name of its originator. The Third Church is in this style of architecture. The design is entirely original, being Grecian in its general character, while, without belonging strictly to either of the regular orders, it violates no rule of that school of architecture. The design is light, graceful and striking in its general effect, and well adapted to the size and situation of the building.
The structure is novel in its character, being entirely of wood, worked into an imitation of stone, the base representing plain cut stone, and the remainder of the walls representing rustic work. It is to be sanded after the manner of most of the finer class of building in St. Louis. When this is done the imitation of stone will be perfect. The erection of such a building would have been somewhat of a novelty in the great cities, and was quite an undertaking for the young architect of this place who has executed it. I is due to Mr. Thomas J. Dennis, in this notice to say, that he has executed the design throughout in a manner that has called forth the approval and admiration of many competent judges, who have notice the work. This and some other structures of his execution give the best evidence of his devotion to the study of the science of his calling and show that he needs only practice in its higher branches to place him among the best practical architects.
The interior of the church is chiefly from a design my Mr. Barnett. It was intended for the modern plan of finish now general in the cities, by which a fine effect is produced in church architecture, at a very moderate expense. Instead of an elaborate and expensive finish of wooden columns, stucco cornices, &c. as formerly was the custom, when a fine room was desired, it is now the practice to finish the room with a plain coat of common plastering and to imitate the architectural decorations in fresco painting. In the bands of an artist of fine taste and skill, very beautiful effects are produced in this way, and the representation of columns, pilasters, cornices, &c. are so perfect as often to deceive.
Mr. L. D. Pomarade,[81] a noted artist in this line, has just finished the painting of the interior of the church, and has afforded such a beautiful exemplification of his fine taste and execution, which are now giving grace and beauty to many of the public edifices in the great cities. His work excites unusual admiration. Those who are familiar with such things have readily accorded him all due praise, while those of us to whom this kind of effect is new have never failed to express much surprise at the beauty of the work and the perfection of the imitations.
We would be doing injustice to a promising young mechanic if we were to omit to mention the painting of the pulpit, pews, &c. the graining , bronzing, &c. , of which are done in a very creditable style by Mr. John G. Huntington, of this place.
On the whole, we think our city has some right to be proud of its public buildings, and of now more than of this beautiful little church, which we do not much fear to say is one of the prettiest churches of its size in all the country.[82]
1853

First Christian Church Builds New Church at Sixth and Jefferson Streets

The record of February 15, 1852, shows that a committee consisting of Jonathan R. Saunders, Stephen T. Logan, William F. Elkin, William Lavely and Joseph W. Bennett was appointed to make arrangements for a “more suitable house of worship.” A new lot at the northeast corner of Sixth and Jefferson Streets was purchased at a cost of $1,300 and a building 40’ by 60’ erected under the contractorship of Joseph W. Bennett. This second building was dedicated in 1853.[83]


Christian Church 1853

In 1853, the Christian Church built a new building at the northwest (northeast) corner of Sixth and Madison (Jefferson) Streets. It was a classic Greek Revival church building with a pediment and brick pilasters.

The rectangular-massed First Presbyterian Church is a one story, five bay deep, Greek Revival style structure with 20/20 double hung windows. The brick structure with front gable pediment conveys a pure classical esthetic.

The square Doric corner pilasters provide a bold frame for each facade. The pediment has a tympanum of horizontal flush board siding and is closed by a full entablature with a raking cornice of similar detail rising to the center ridge.

Two brick chimneys, one on each side of the center gable ridge, located at the (north) rear roof line.

A double door centered on the front facade is the single commanding element to this elevation. Six stone steps lead up to the entry door, which is capped with a full entablature and flanked by Doric pilasters similar to those on the building corners. Each entry door has four vertical wood panels. There are two identical fixed vertical panels over each door creating a heightened appearance to the entrance and facade. The foundation is constructed of cut slabs of limestone.

The symmetrical sides, (east and west) have five bays, each containing seven foot high, 20/20 double hung, wood sash windows. The simple wood trim surrounds provides focus and emphasis on the window. The top of each window meets the entablature at the eave. The windows are large and give the appearance of there being more window than wall.

The (south) rear facade is a solid wall of clapboard siding. The returns of the open gable meet the tops of the corner pilasters and follow a raking cornice to the gable peak. The trim detail of the raking cornice repeats the front facade pediment.

The belfry, centered over the entrance door, extends above the front gable peak in plane with the front facade and consists of two tiers. First, a square block of horizontal flush board siding and plain corner Doric pilasters, serves as the base for the second tier open belfry. The second tier, stepped back from the square base, is a Queen Anne style belfry. The upper belfry has two open, half-round wood arches per side with round wood cut-out details at the corners of each arch. A vertical wood panel perimeter rail, with three panels at the base of each arch matches the panels of the entrance doors. The green metal pyramid roof of the tower contains a decorative triangular wood dormer on each of the four planes. The insert of the triangular dormer is white painted vertical flush siding. There is a weather vane at the peak of the belfry roof.

The building was razed in 1912.

Illinois State University Building

Illinois State University

The Illinois State University building was built in the 1850s at 12th and Matheny Streets. It served as the only building for the University for fewer than 20 years.


Drawings of Illinois State University[84]

Robert Todd Lincoln attended school here in the 1850’s.

1857 Improvements, p. 8: Improvements on Illinois State University buildings, by H. G. Fitzbugh & Co.; Willard & Zimmerman, painters; McCalley & Bricker plasterers. cost 1,350 dollars.

1854

Enterprise Building Built

In 1854, the Enterprise Building was constructed by John Roll on the north side of Washington Street just west of Fifth Street. It was a three story five bay brick structure with a cornice of brick dentals. The window hoods are iron with a decorative motif in _______. The building is strikingly similar to the building being built in New York City.

Enterprise Building 1854

1855

State of Illinois Arsenal Built

In 1855, the State of Illinois built an arsenal on the east side of Fifth Street, between Mason and Carpenter. It was a rectangle brick building with a pediment at the center front (west side) and pilasters at the corners and at the center between bays. It had a wide entablature on each side. The entry was a wide arched opening allowing horses and wagons to enter. The north and south sides had five bays with rectangular sash in the ground level and larger arched windows above.

Illinois State Arsenal 1855
First Methodist (Episcopal) Church Constructed At Southeast Corner of Fifth and Monroe Streets

In 1855, a new church was constructed at the southeast corner of Fifth and Monroe Streets for the First Methodist Episcopal Church.[85] Its original cost was about $10,000. It had a very handsome spire, which was much admired when in its proper place, but it was finally removed by a strong wind and placed in the yard below.[86]

Methodist (Episcopal) Church at Fifth and Monroe Streets 1855

Portuguese Church at Eighth and Miller Northeast Corner



Portuguese Church


Island Grove Methodist Church

Island Grove Methodist Church

The May 11, 1855 Fire

“The sun this morning rose upon a scene in Springfield the like of which has never before been witnessed here. More than half the block on the west side of the Square, commencing from the north, was in ruins, and the goods and furniture, , not destroyed, were scattered about mostly on the state-house square, presenting further evidence of the melancholy catastrophe.”[87]

Preston Butler’s Photograph of the West Side of the Public Square Looking North: Circa 1859[88]

The two-story buildings to the left are thought to be typical of the pre-1850’s buildings on the Public Square. They survived the fire of 1852. The three-story buildings to the right were built after the fire of 1852.


The above photograph shows the northwest corner of Fifth and Washington Streets, known in the 19th century as Freeman’s Corner. The building on the extreme left was known as the Enterprise Building and still stands. The stretch of buildings along Fifth Street were known as Hoffman’s Row where Abraham Lincoln’s first law office was located.

“Never before in the annuals of our city were there such manifestations of progress and improvement as during the present season [1855]. ..Messrs. Freeman on the North West corner, are building a three story brick, twenty feet front by ninety feet deep. The improvement will add very materially the appearance of that corner.”[89]

1870’s Photograph Of The Southwest Corner Of Fifth And Washington Streets Showing The Building Where Abraham Lincoln Lived From April 1837 Until 1841.[90]

Haerting’s Drawing of the North Side of the Public Square: Circa 1860[91]

“... the north side of the square… were mostly one-story frame structures, and known in those days as “chicken row.”[92]
The second building from the right--the Buck Building--was built in 1855 and stands today.

Fifth And Monroe

1856

Edwards School Built


Edwards School 1856

Palmer School Built

Palmer School 1856

Lincolns Remodel Home


Lincoln Home 1856

In 1856, the Lincolns added a story to the east side of their home. The original first story was built in 1839.

1857

Peter Cartwright Methodist Church


Peter Cartwright Methodist Church, Pleasant Plains, Illinois

This is the third Peter Cartwright Methodist Church, built in 1857. It is located at 209 West Church Street in Pleasant Plains, Illinois.
Trapp School Built

Trapp School 1856

1857

North Side of Square

Preston Butler’s Photograph of the North Side of the Public Square Looking East: Circa 1859[93]

In 1857, John Williams built a banking house on the north side of the Public Square. It is shown in the above photograph, the first three-story building from the left.[94]

“Banking house of John Williams & Co., north side Square. Size 20 by 80 feet; three stories; with ornamental front, entirely of iron, from the celebrated works of Miles Greenwood, Cincinnati; Sutton & Brother, builders; brick work by Geo. Wise; painting by E. G. Johns. The roof is of iron, known as Outcalt’s elastic, metallic roof being the first of that kind introduced here; it was put on by P. A. Dorwin & Co. This building, when completed, will be highly ornamental, and will attract much attention. Cost 7,000 dollars.”[95]




North Side of Square

Photograph Of The North Side Of The Public Square Showing The Arch Constructed For The Funeral And Mourners Waiting To Enter The North Door Of The State House May 3-4, 1865[96]

Photograph Of Mourners Waiting In Line To Enter The North Door Of State House, May 3-4, 1865[97]


Photograph Of The Eagle Block Or Carpenter’s Building At The Northwest Corner Of Sixth And Washington Streets Circa 1870’s[98]

“A brick block on corner of Washington and Sixth streets, on the north side of the square; size 37 feet on Washington, and 88 feet on Sixth street, better known as the Eagle block, named from the profusion of bronzed eagles which adorn the two fronts, and give it quite an American appearance. The main front on Washington street is divided into two store rooms; the front shutters are on the improved plan of sliding; the first story in front is of iron; the window caps and sills are of iron; roof of tin; the second floor is designed for offices; the third for a public hall. It is a fine, substantial building, an ornament to our city, and a credit to both owner and builder. Owned by William Carpenter; designed by Warwick; Warwick & Ball builders, brick work by Millington & Dewey; painting by Pease & Webb.
West Side of the Public Square

Haerting’s Drawing of the West Side of the Public Square: Circa 1860[99]


West Side of Fifth Square north end

Decline of Greek Revival Style
The Greek Revival was, as its early proponents claimed, America's first truly national style, and it dominated the era of Manifest Destiny. It easily outdistanced the picturesque Gothic Revival, its closest competitor in the early 19th-century "War of the Styles." A very different kind of conflict brought an end to the elegance of the Greek Revival period, however. After the Civil War, Victorian eclecticism reigned on the home front. In a fast-moving industrialized country, the stark symmetry of the Greek Revival house seemed hopelessly stiff and even boring. Although the style kept its appeal for public buildings and churches, Greek Revival houses soon became relics of a simpler time, the time Before the War.
1865

Ursaline Academy

purchase of 6 1/2 acres of Allen’s Grove on Fifth Street. This property was some distance north of where the nuns lived and worked on 6th Street. Ground breaking: August 15, 1865.

Ursaline Academy





Booth & McCosker Spring Wagon Factory

Booth & McCosker Spring Wagon Factory


Reisch Brewery


Reisch Brewery





Greek Revival in America: From Tara to farmhouse temples. By James C. Massey and Shirley Maxwell
In rural areas and later years, reduced expression of the Greek Revival often looked like the Captain Charles Wordin House in Belfast, Maine: two-or four-column entry porch, less than the full height or width of the house, pilastered corners, and a pronounced cornice.
Okay, here's a test: Close your eyes and say "Greek Revival." What comes to mind? Tara from Gone With the Wind, maybe? A Deep-South vision of towering columns and broad verandahs set amidst Spanish moss and green lawns?
Or how about this: A small white farmhouse in Ohio with a front-facing gable, attached pilasters at the front corners, a deep, unornamented fascia board, and a rectangular transom and sidelights at the front door? Or a tall and narrow brick town house in New York with a tiny, columned porch, a side-hall plan, and a parade of small rectangular windows just below the cornice?
…they're all good examples of Greek Revival architecture in America—but there's no question that the less ostentatious second and third versions far outnumber the Taras.
Americans of the early 19th century saw several good reasons for adapting at least some aspects of Greek classicism to their own houses, churches, and public buildings. For starters, Greece's struggle for independence from Turkey was at its height in the 1820s, reminding Americans of their own hard-won sovereignty. Greece, the world's first democracy, seemed an appropriate philosophical reference point for a self-confident new republic. Plus, with its air of antiquity, Greek Revival architecture brought a sense of permanence and solidity to the spanking-new American landscape. Its very austerity proclaimed the sturdy self-reliance of a nation that was pushing westward with all its might, conquering new frontiers at the same time it was trying to establish its cultural credentials with the Old World.
Not that Americans were interested in re-creating an archeologically "pure" form of Greek architecture. While they admired the austere beauty of Greece's post-and-lintel buildings, their practical minds insisted on buildings that used 19th-century technology and accommodated 19th-century lifestyles. They were in search of a "National Style" of architecture reflecting their own time and place—one that would represent America's abundance and energy as well as its political and cultural ideals. They wanted a style that betokened a glorious future as well as a glorious past. The Greek example, properly modified, seemed to fit their needs.
Although the details varied from region to region and from one economic stratum to another, the general characteristics of this new-old style include simplicity, as well as an emphatic rectilinear geometry and insistent symmetry of form.
In the South, the two-storey portico (which might be called the "Tara" model) was often used even on rather small houses. At the other end of the spectrum was the charming, small temple-form house in 1 or 1 1/2 storeys, basically a cottage hiding behind a pedimented porch with columns. In New England, Upstate New York, and the Northwest Territory (Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois, which were just then being settled by a wave of New Englanders), the most common form was a blocky farmhouse, often sans porch and full columns but with handsome pilasters or attached square columns at the corners of a pedimented gable front.
The style evolved over time as well as across geographic areas, settlement patterns, and economic strata. First, in the 1820s and 1830s, came the rich man's high-style Greek Revival "temple" with its impressive four-columned two-storey portico and prominent pediment. Then, as the middle class picked up the idea in the 1830s and 1840s, the portico was scaled down. It became a porch, with plain columns or square posts and a simplified pediment. This economy version might have four columns and three bays stretching across the entire front of the house, or it might have only a single bay at the entrance. It was more often one storey high than two storeys. In freestanding houses, the temple form required a gable front, but practicality or preference very often called for end gables instead, with the entrance on a long side. Either way, the pediment might be formed by a full-length frieze or it might be merely suggested by bold cornice returns that extended only part way in from the corners.
Roof pitches, which had been flattening noticeably from the colonial through the federal period, became even flatter with the advent of the Greek Revival style. In fact, some roofs seemed to have no slope at all, because they were hidden behind straight parapets and balustrades, paneled or ornamented with upstanding palmettes. Other buildings had broad gables and heavy full or partial cornice returns, representing the classical Greek temple form. The cornice might display a row of tooth-like dentil moulding.
The most familiar characteristic of the Greek Revival roofline, however, was a deep frieze, often undecorated except perhaps for a row of the distinctive Greek triglyph and metope ornament. This was usually enough for all but the most fashionable mansions. Even simpler dwellings might have nothing beyond a wide board frieze, minus dentils, triglyphs, or metopes, to suggest their Greek connections.
Windows became much larger in the Greek Revival period, as factory-made glass, transported to growing towns and prosperous farms by rail or canal, became easier to come by. Tall six-over-six double-hung windows brought light to graciously proportioned interiors with high ceilings. Sometimes the windows extended from near the ceiling to the floor, making it possible to step through to the porch beyond. Floor plans featured center or side halls.
Although Greek-derived wooden ornament was generally simple in form, the intricate decorative ironwork of the period was another story altogether. Magnificent cast- or wrought-iron designs appeared on fences, balconies, and roof-top acroteria, providing a fanciful finishing touch for the rather stiff architecture. As the Industrial Revolution matured and foundry technology improved, cast iron almost entirely replaced the earlier wrought iron.
By 1850 railroads and canals carried machine-made wooden ornament to even remote outposts, doing away with much of the painstaking handwork once required for fluted column shafts, elaborate capitals, and other ornament. Generally, ornate Corinthian column capitals of the Georgian era were seen less frequently than simpler Ionic scrolled capitals and plain Doric columns, fluted or unfluted, without platforms, or bases. Rectangular transoms above the doorways were more common than semi-elliptical fanlights in Greek Revival houses, and while fancy tracery in wood or iron often appeared in transoms or sidelights, these were more often undecorated rectangles. Flat, wide trim surrounded doors and windows. Molded panels were often set into the walls below windows, both inside and outside the house.
An excerpt from Carole Rifkind, "A Field Guide to American Architecture," 1980
To a nation that was optimistic, expansive, idealistic, and mindful of posterity, the Greek Revival brought an architecture of beauty, breadth, simplicity, and permanence.
Greek Revival architecture offered a Classical vocabulary that was versatile enough to express both regional vernacular and urbane design concepts, and a mood that was romantic as well as rational.
Above all, Greek Revival was the language of a nation that welcomed innovation and aspired to greatness. "Must man progress in goodness and wisdom? Then, must architecture also!" a Baltimore architect declared. "Architecture must manifest the changes that are taking place in society, the greater ones, we hope and believe, that are yet to come."
In these years, Texas, Kansas, Iowa, and Minnesota were opened to settlement. The nation's population grew from 10 million to 31 million; her western boundary met at the Pacific. The Greek Revival style was written across the face of a continent.
The frame dwelling - painted white - is ubiquitous. The "better" house is brick, trimmed with wood or ashlar (square cut) granite, sandstone, or marble.
Columns are almost invariably wood, usually hollow. Decorative cast iron appears in porch and stair railings.
Masonry craftsmanship is at a high level; surfaces are smooth, joints are fine and even.
Whether high-style vernacular, the detached dwelling exhibits ingenious solutions to the problem of containing differentiated interior spaces within a plan that appears geometrically regular on the exterior.
The basic house plan - freestanding or in a row joined by party walls - is a rectangle, typically set short side to the street. The corner unit in a row may be larger and have a side ell.
The freestanding two-story townhouse may be flanked by one-story wings. When the plan is of the four-room five-bay type, entry is through the central stair hall, whether the dwelling faces the front or the side of its lot. Rear wings create an L, T, or irregular plan. A porch is often integrated into the plan.
A smooth wall surface provides an ideal background for robust ornamentation in wood, appearing as Greek-inspired foliate and geometric motifs and applied to portico, door surrounds, and eaves. Particularly fine examples of Greek Revival ornament are found in western New York State, Ohio, and Michigan.
Most impressive of all are the Greek Revival plantation houses that symbolized the Ante-bellum South and the border area



[1] Photographic Division, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois.
[2] The Beauties of Modern Architecture, Minard Lafever, Da Capo Press, New York, 1968, introduction by Denys Peter Myers, p. vi.
[3] Family Records or genealogies of the first settlers of Passaic Valley and Vicinity above Chatham, with their ancestors and descendants, as far as could be ascertained in 1851, John Littell, 1851. Genealogies of the First Settlers of Passaic Valley, &c. &c. &c.
[4] Greek Revival in America: From Tara to farmhouse temples, James C. Massey and Shirley Maxwell.
[5] The Beauties of Modern Architecture, Minard Lafever, Da Capo Press, New York, 1968, introduction by Denys Peter Myers, p. vi.
[6] The Architecture of Minard Lafever, Jacob Landy, review, Art Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 2 (Jun., 1971), pp. 266-267.
[7] Lafever published a total of five builders’ guides between 1829 and 1856. They spread the Greek Revival style nationwide, while his many New York City churches popularized various other revival styles, notably Gothic.
[8] Greek Revival Architecture in America, Talbot Hamlin, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1944, pp. 146-147.
[9] Greek Revival America, Roger G. Kennedy, National Trust for Historic Preservation, Stewart Tabori & Chang, New York, p. 133.
[10] Manhattan New York City Directory: 1829-30, p. 339.

Hollister, Catherine, comp. Manhattan New York City Directory: 1829-30 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: MyFamily.com, Inc., 2002. Original data: Longworth's American Almanac, New-York Register and City Directory for 1829. New York, NY, USA: Thomas Longworth, 15 Pine Street, 1829. The 1829 Longworth's New York City Directory lists those people residing or working in that year on the island of Manhattan who were interviewed. The population of Manhattan island in 1830 was approximately 197,115. This directory, published annually in the 1800s, is an excellent source of genealogical and social data on early New York City and can be used to supplement the 1830 U.S. Census which does not provide full names, addresses, or occupations.
[11] Greek Revival in America: From Tara to farmhouse temples, James C. Massey and Shirley Maxwell.
[12] Manhattan New York City Directory: 1829-30, Record, p. 465.
Stanton Street is a one lane street in Manhattan’s Lower East Side one block north of Rivington Street. It begins at Bowery, one block south of Houston Street at the corner of the Sunshine Motel in New York, NY 10002. It then runs to Chrystie Street where it stops at Sara D. Roosevelt Park. The east border of the park is Forsyth Street which picks Stanton back up, as it then proceeds to intersect with Eldridge Street, Allen Street, Ludlow Street, Essex Street, Norfolk Street, Suffolk Street, Clinton Street, Attorney Street, Ridge Street, and reaches its terminus at Pitt Street.
[13] Greek Revival America, Roger G. Kennedy, National Trust for Historic Preservation, Stewart Tabori & Chang, New York, p. 133.
[14] Greek Revival Architecture in America, Talbot Hamlin, pp. 140-141.
[15] Minutes of the Session: of the First Presbyterian Church in Springfield. Rague File, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois.
[16] Temple, Capitol, p. 7-8.
[17] Chapin, p. 13.
[18] Journal, July 26, 1832, p. 3. He was located in the “new brick house” near the Journal office. This was probably the house in Block 14, located on the east side of lot 3 (a lot which fronted on Washington Street mid-way between Fourth and Fifth Street. Rague mortgaged the property “including Rague’s dwelling house and improvements” for $500 to Erastus Wright, the School Commissioner on October 10, 1835. Sangamon County Recorder of Deeds, Book H, pp. 550-551 Grantor and Grantee Records.
[19] Here I Have Lived, p. 43.
[20] Journal of Town Trustees, Springfield, Illinois, April 30, 1833. Manuscript Division, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois.
[21]
[22] Manuscript Division, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois: Sangamon County, Illinois, County Commissioners Court SC 1333-A.
[23] By Square and Compass, p. 4-5. Chapin, p. 13.
[24] http://www.answers.com/topic/pilot-bread#after_ad1
[25] A rusk is a rectangular, hard, dry biscuit or twice-baked bread.
[26] Sangamo Journal, January 1834.
[27] Greek Revival Architecture in America, Talbot Hamlin, pp. 140-141.
[28] 1881 History, p. 605.
Ebenezer S. Phelps and Samuel H. Reed, were selected as elders. The other twenty-eight withdrawing were: John F. Rague, Thomas Moffett, William C. Stevenson, Hugh M. Armstrong, Charles C. Phelps, John B. Watson, Erastus Wright, Eliphalet B. Hawley, E. S. Phelps, Jr., William M. Cowgill, Isaac A. Hawley, James R. Phelps, Eliza A. Moffett, Lucy Cabaniss, Ann Phelps, Eliza M. Rague, Ann Iles, Lavinia M. Armstrong, Anna Poe, Clemantine Sayre Cowgill, Mary D. Sayre, Isabella G. Hawley, Mary Watson, Mary M. Plane(c)k, Jane Wright, Mary Shrill, Nancy R. Humphrey and Jane Reed. Minutes of Session and Church Register, Second Presbyterian Church, Vol. 1, 1835-1867, Westminster Presbyterian Church, Springfield, Illinois.
[29] American Almanac, New-York Register, and City Directory, Thomas Longworth, NY, NY, 1835. p. 418.
[30] Journal of Town Trustees, Springfield, Illinois, November 15, 1836. Manuscript Division, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois.
[31] Greek Revival America, Roger G. Kennedy, National Trust for Historic Preservation, Stewart Tabori & Chang, New York, p. 133.
[32] John Francis Rague: Mid-Nineteenth Century Revivalist Architect (1799-1877), Betsy H. Woodman, Masters thesis, University of Iowa, February, 1969.
[33] Illinois Public Land Purchase Records Record
E2NW Section 13, Township 22N, Range 2 West of the 3rd Meridian. Price: 1.25 Total: 100 Date: 11 November 1836 Volume: 069 Page: 173 Acres: 80 Corr-Tag: 0 ID: 074264 Reside: 084
SENW, Section 27, Township 15 North, Range 3 West of the 3rd Meridian. Price: 1.25 Total: 500 Date: 05 February 1836 Volume: 069 Page: 065 Type: FD Acres: 400 Corr-Tag: 0 ID: 074265 Reside: 084
[34]
[35] Journal,
[36] The Springfield Mechanics Union, 1839-1848, Harry E. Pratt, Journal Of The Illinois State Historical Society, Vol. 34, No. 1, March 1941, 130-134.
[37] Day By Day, p. 87. C. W., I, p. 116.
[38] Illinois Marriages to 1850.
[39] Hollister, Catherine, comp. Manhattan, New York City, New York Directory: 1839-1840 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: MyFamily.com, Inc., 2002. Original data: Longworth's American Almanac, New-York Register and City Directory for 1839. 118 Nassau Street, New York, NY, USA: Thomas Longworth, 1839.
[40] Alton Telegraph, Alton, Illinois, April 18, 1840, p. 2. Temple, Capitol, p. 8.
[41] Angle, p. 200.
[42] Illinois State Register, October 12, 1839, p. 4. 1881 History, p. 687.
[43]
[44] Petition to the Illinois legislature for the incorporation of the Springfield Mechanic’s Union Two sheets, short notation only in Lincoln’s hand. The document is written by Simeon Francis.
[45] Illinois State Archives, Detailed Record Record No. 2518,

File Name: 208596.djvu, Subjects: Springfield Mechanic`s Union (Ill.) Illinois--11th General Assembly, Second Session, 1839-1840 Lincoln referred to select committee of himself, Henry of Morgan, and Green of Greene. House Journal; Amendment Introduced in Illinois Legislature to Bill Incorporating the Springfield Mechanics’ Union
[46] 19 December 1839, CW, 1:158. House Journal; IHi—Minutes of Union. The Springfield Mechanics Union, 1839-1848, Harry E. Pratt, Journal Of The Illinois State Historical Society, Vol. 34, No. 1, March 1941, 130-134.
[47] Manuscript Division, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois. File SC823-B.
[48] Woodman, p. 30, fn. 11. Archibald Job while in Pittsburgh purchasing lumber advertised for masons as did Henry in Louisville and Cincinnati. Register, March 20, 1840, p. 3.
[49] Reports Made to the Twelfth General Assembly of the State of Illinois, 1840, Springfield, William Walters, Public Printer, 1841, p. 278.
[50] Manuscript Division, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois.
[51] Territorial Capitol (1842-46). State Capitol (1846-57). Clinton Street at Iowa Avenue.
[52]
[53] Journal, August 20, 1841, p. House Journal; Photocopy.
[54] Journal, January 8, 1841, p. 3.
[55] Journal, September 30, 1842, p. 1, cl. 2. Curtis Mann and Linda Garvert at the Sangamon Valley Room, found this advertisement.
[56] 4th, Adams to Monroe East Side:
Clark, Henry.
boarding house.
Clark, Mrs. Jane Thomas (Ill.)(13).
1860 C.D. Emma (Penn.)(1).
1860 census, p. 214 (Ireland)(32).
$500/$200.
Boarders:
Harvey, John.
painter-1860 C.D.
1860 census, p. 214 (Penn.)(27).
-0-
Fisher, Charles.
carpenter and builder.
h. N. 6th, between Madison and Reynolds.
1860 census, p. 181 (Penn.)(30).
$1,500/$200.
Power, p. 298:
Son of Hannah Beaver Fisher and Samuel Fisher.
[57] Woodman, p. 11.
[58] Doggett'S New York City Directory, For 1849-1850, John Doggett, Jr. & Co., New York, New York, 1850. , p. 247.
[59] A Blueprint For Divorce, Tara McClellan McAndrew, Journal Register, Heartland Magazine, October 20, 2006, p. 5A.
[60] Tom Wood, IRAD, University of Illinois at Springfield. Sangamon County Circuit Court records here, the divorce case brought against Rague by his wife Elizabeth in 1856.
[61] Early Settlers Of Sangamon County – 1876, John Carroll Power p. 677.
[62] Power, p. 177. Angle, p. 157. C.W.: v. I, pp. 92, 207-208. Lot 3, Block 8 O. T. P.: Z. Enos: Snow Birds. P. C. Canedy was for many years deacon and trustee in the Second Presbyterian Church, Springfield, Ill., and was a member and President of the Board of Town Trustees. Enos, p. 200. He was the son of Capt. Peleg and Silence Fobes Canedy and was born on August 25, 1803, in Enfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts. Peleg was partly raised at Middlebury, Vermont, and spent most of his early manhood in Washington, D. C. Peleg visited New Orleans, Nachitoches and St. Louis, at the latter of which he engaged in business for a time.
[63] Greek Revival in America: From Tara to farmhouse temples, James C. Massey and Shirley Maxwell.
[64] By Square and Compass, p. 4-5. Chapin, p. 13.
[65] ____ Division, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois.
[66] Greek Revival in America: From Tara to farmhouse temples, James C. Massey and Shirley Maxwell.
[67] Mansberger, Floyd The Architectural Resources of the Aristocracy Hill Neighborhood, Springfield, Illinois, Prepared by Fever River Research, Springfield, Illinois, September 2004, p. 61.
[68] Journal, February 3, 1941.
[69] Here I Have Lived, p. 171.
[70] Here I Have Lived, p 88.
[71] Journal, July 26, 1851, p. 2, cl. 1.
[72] Photographic Division, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois.
[73] Pratt, Public Square.
[74] Haerting.
[75] Barringer, 1971:50.
[76] 1881 History Of Sangamon County, Illinois, Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, Illinois, 1881, p. 555. (Hereinafter referred to as “1881 History.”)
[77] Ballou’s Pictorial, Boston, Saturday, November 15, 1856.
[78] Drawn from nature on stone by H. Haerting, 1860, L. Gast Bros., St. Louis, Missouri. (Hereinafter referred to as “Haerting”.)
[79] Oil Painting East Side of Square from top of old State House, by Unknown Weimar, 49 x 42, Illinois State Historical Preservation Agency, Old State Capitol, Springfield, Illinois, 1857.
[80] Barringer, p. 70. Lots 16, 17, 18 and the N 1/2 of Lot 15, Block 1, B. S. Edward’ South Addition. Vachel Lindsay Home. 603 S.5th. Extant.
[81]
[82] Journal, July 26, 1851, p. 2.
[83] Ministers of First Christian Church, p. 16.
[84] http://www.uis.edu/archives/ISUcatalog.pdf
[85] First Methodist Church, Springfield, Illinois: 125 Years, W.G. Piersel, Published by the Official Board for the 125 Anniversary Celebration, January 1947.
1854 Hart Map. 1858 Sides Map Wooden rectangle and wooden L-house. Parsonage at rear of church. Lot 3 and 4, Block 1, P.P. Enos’ Addition. Present site of Ridgley Building.
[86] 1881 History, p. 600. A society was organized in this city some time in 1821... Soon after the arrival of (the Rev. Thomas Magee in October, 1852)...a subscription was started, and a sufficient amount was subscribed to justify the society in the erection of their present house of worship.
[87] Journal, Springfield, Illinois, May 12, 1855.
[88] Preston Butler, Springfield, Illinois.
[89] Journal, July 14, 1855, p. 3.
[90] Photographic Division, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois.
[91] Haerting.
[92] 1881 History, p. 652.
[93] Preston Butler, Springfield, Illinois.
[94] The “First National Bank” name on the side of the building was added to the photograph at a later date as a touch up.
[95] Journal, Springfield, Illinois, 1857 Improvements, p. 8.
[96] The Lincoln Funeral.
[97] The Lincoln Funeral.
[98] Photographic Division, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois.
[99] Haerting.