SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS’
NINETEENTH CENTURY PHOTOGRAPHERS
(1845-1900)

Richard E. Hart
Springfield, Illinois

Cover photograph: The earliest known photograph of Abraham Lincoln, believed to have been taken as a daguerreotype in 1846 by one of Springfield, Illinois’ earliest photographers, Nicholas H. Shepherd.

“The earliest known portrait of Abraham Lincoln. A photograph of the daguerreotype believed to have been made by N. H. Shepherd in Springfield, Illinois, in 1846. Mr. Robert Todd Lincoln, who owned the original, state to the author that he believed it was made in Washington about 1848, when his father was a Representative in Congress.”

The Photographs of Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Hill Meserve, Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York, 1944, Photograph number 1.

“This daguerreotype by N. H. Shepherd, Springfield, Illinois, 1846, is the earliest-known photograph of Abraham Lincoln, then congressman-elect from Illinois.”

Lincoln In Photographs, An Album of Every Known Pose, Charles Hamilton and Lloyd Ostendorf, Morningside, Dayton, Ohio, 1985, p. 4.

“Lincoln’s earliest known photographic likeness, made probably in 1846, when at the age of thirty-seven he was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives. Original daguerreotype, believed to have been made by N. H. Shepherd, in Springfield, Illinois. Library of Congress.”

The Face of Lincoln, Compiled and Edited by James Mellon, A Studio Book, The Viking Press, New York, 1979, p. 18.

Springfield, Illinois’ Nineteenth Century Photographers (1845-1900)
Spring Creek Series.
Copyright 2005 by Richard E. Hart. All rights reserved.
First Printing: February 2005

Introduction

The year 1837 was perhaps the most important in Springfield’s history. In January, the State Legislature chose Springfield as the new site for the State Capitol and in April, Abraham Lincoln moved from New Salem to Springfield. In the same year in Paris, France, Frenchman Louis Daguerre developed the first practical photographic process—the daguerreotype. The French government acquired rights to the process and on August 19, 1839 announced that the rights were “Free to the World”. The daguerreotype technology swept through Europe and by the early 1840’s had crossed the Atlantic to the United States where its use became wide spread and affordable in the period 1845-1900.

By September 19, 1845, the technology had reached Springfield, a town of about 3,500 people situated at the western edge of the American frontier. On that date, Springfield’s first known itinerant photographer, Frederick Coombs, advertised in the Register “Daguerreotype Miniatures -- For a short time only, at the American House.” In addition, he offered “Phrenological examinations and measurements taken, by his highly improved phrenometer, at fifty cents.”[1]

The following month, Nicholas H. Shepherd advertised in the Sangamo Journal that he was a “daguerreotype artist late of New York city” who had taken a room for a few days over Delany’s Grocery store on Adams Street.[2] He was prepared to “execute likenesses, from the smallest to the largest ever taken in this country.” The following year, Shepherd took the earliest known photograph of Abraham Lincoln, a 37 year-old, newly elected Congressman. That daguerreotype is on the book cover.

From Coombs’ first appearance in September, 1845 until the turn of the century, there were over 100 photographers who practiced their profession in Springfield. Some of them, like Coombs, were itinerant. They would take rooms over a Springfield store or hotel, advertise their presence in the Journal and Register newspapers, exhaust the local market and move on after a brief stay. For most of these itinerants, the only remaining evidence of their Springfield presence is the newspaper advertisements urging Springfield citizens to use their services. As one proclaimed, “I must bid you Farwell…come this week, as I expect to sail for the east on the 20th instant. Come while you may, for procrastination is the thief of time.”[3] Many others were here for a few years and then either moved on to another town, changed jobs and remained in Springfield or just disappeared. Only 27 remained in Springfield for five years or more, and of those fourteen stayed ten years or more.

Most of the photographs were of individuals taken on typical cycle-of-life photographic occasions—babyhood, childhood, birthdays, confirmations, first communions, youth—beautiful young ladies and handsome young men forever preserved in their youthful glow, marriages, best friends together, and old folks on their wedding anniversaries and birthdays. Many of the photos ended up in the trash heap of history—on an internet auction site or in an antique shop, unknown as to either the subject’s or photographer’s name. Many, however, survived and are identifiable. Several have become American classics and cultural treasures. These are the 22 photographs of Abraham Lincoln taken by five, more or less, Springfield photographers, Nicholas Shepherd, Christopher Smith German, William Marsh, William T. Church (maybe) and Preston Butler. It is fortuitous that these photographers have become immortalized by their relationship to Lincoln and that their photographs of him contribute to the visual record of this most famous American. Sadly, one of the photographers, Christopher Smith German, lies buried in an unmarked grave at Oak Ridge Cemetery, not far from Lincoln’s tomb.

This is intended to be a reference book about the professional photographers who practiced in Springfield, Illinois between the years 1845 and 1900. Photographers are first listed alphabetically. If I have found an example of a photographer’s work, I have included at least one such example in the alphabetical section. I next listed the names of photographic galleries and the name or names of each photographer who used a particular gallery name. Many photographers used no gallery name and it is difficult to determine their chronological succession in and out of unnamed galleries or partnerships with one another. I have attempted to piece together this succession by arbitrarily creating photo galleries, giving them a number and listing the names of Springfield photographers, as best I can determine, who practiced in each gallery. I have next listed the photographers chronologically. The location of photographic galleries is the next list. Finally, I have listed the photographers by the number of years they were active photographers in Springfield.

The photographs used are intended to be representative of a photographer’s work and to show the various front and back marks used. Newspaper and City Directory advertisements and announcements provide interesting information as well as specific evidence of the dates and locations of the photographers who practiced in Springfield.

Nothing of this sort is ever finished. I have been unable to find examples of certain photographers, and, no doubt once I have “finished,” the perfect example will surface. Hopefully, some industrious researcher will discover more information about a particular photographer. I welcome the additions. So does my wife, Ann, who has been a great support and who knows best when to pronounce something “finished.”

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am most thankful to those who have allowed me to examine their 19th century photographs.

Mike Jones, a descendant of Sangamon County early settler Robert Jones, has generously allowed me to use his extensive collection of 19th century Jones family photographs. It was my scanning of those photographs for use in a Jones family genealogy that first stimulated my interest in Springfield’s 19th century photographers.

Likewise, I thank Marie Marvin for sharing her treasure of photographs of the Jones, Galloway and Henkle families, early settlers in Cotton Hill Township, Sangamon County, Illinois.

Joann Grove Dilts graciously shared her photographs of the Grove and Dill families, early settlers in Divernon Township, Sangamon County, Illinois.

Rob Paul of Prairie Archives in Springfield has also been most helpful. Rob is an expert at rescuing and preserving old photographs by scanning and reprinting them. He has literally uncovered and preserved many otherwise lost 19th century Illinois photographs. Rob played a large part in stimulating my interest in 19th century Springfield photographers.

Both the Sangamon Valley Collection of Springfield’s Lincoln Library and its excellent librarians, Ed Russo, Linda Garvert and Curtis Mann, have been invaluable sources of photographs and information. They and the Sangamon Valley Collection are priceless Springfield treasures.

I have also utilized the wonderful photographic collection of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and thank Cheryl Pence and the collection’s most knowledgeable and helpful curator, Mary Michals. Mary knows where all the pictures are.

One of Springfield’s little known treasures is Capitol Gallery, a daguerrean shop operated by Kevin and Kathy Kunz. Kevin has most generously allowed me to examine and use scanned images of his collection of Capitol Gallery daguerreotypes. Most of my daguerreotype and ambrotype education has been provided by Kevin in wonderfully serendipitous conversations.

Finally, thanks to Tom Woods, archivist at the University of Illinois at Springfield. Tom has an enviable depth and breadth of knowledge about Central Illinois history which he is most willing to share. He alerted me to the University’s collection of 19th century photographs from Springfield’s Booth-Gruenendike family.

The search for 19th century Springfield photographers and photographs is not finished. Just as I was completing this study, I discovered a photograph in a Springfield antique shop with the backmark of photographers “German & Drenkel.” This was the first evidence of Christopher Smith German’s partnership with Mr. Drenkel. I am certain that others will uncover further information on the photographers identified here as well as find photographers not identified here.

Richard E. Hart
Springfield, Illinois
March 2005
Springfield Photographers Listed Alphabetically

The following is an alphabetical list of Springfield photographers showing the years between 1845 and 1900 that each was present in Springfield. Unless otherwise noted, the information for the presence of a photographer in a given year has been taken from the Springfield city directory for that year.

Ahl, Martha E.
(1900-1900)

See Bennett & Ahl at page 19.

Anderson, L. Sperry
(1872-1900)

1847 He was born on April 30, 1847, in Sweetwater, New York, a son of Rev. Lewis and Susan (Pratt) Anderson.
1852 He came west to Rockford, Illinois where he was educated in the public schools. He resided in Rockford until age 20.
1867 He went to Chicago, learned the trade of photographer, and worked in Chicago for two years.
1871 Shortly after the Great Chicago Fire, he moved to Springfield, Illinois.
1872 He came to Springfield and began work for Charles Payne, Fifth Street, above Adams Street; West Side of Square.[4]
1873-1874 “photographic gallery,” Fifth Street, 6 north of Adams Street; boards: St. Nicholas Hotel.[5]
1874-1875 “photographic artist,” West Side of Square over Chatterton’s.[6]
1875 On September 13, 1875, he married Sarah E. Bartram in Sangamon County, Illinois.[7]
1876 217 South Sixth Street; 125 South Fifth Street, American, residence, photo.[8]
1877 “Photographer,” boards 1408 Jackson. Has resided in Springfield 5 years. Photo Parlors West Side of Square, over Chatterton’s Jewelry store;[9]
over 121 South Fifth Street, West Side of Square.
1879-1880 “photographer,” 121½ West Side of Square; residence: southwest corner of Fourth & Washington Street.[10]
1880 1880 United States Federal Census: Age: 28, Estimated birth year: 1852; Birthplace: Illinois; Occupation: Photographer; Marital status: Married.[11]
1880-1881 photo studio, 121½ West Side of Square; residence: First Street, southwest corner of Madison Street.[12]
1881-1882 “artist,” 121½ West Side of Square, photograph gallery, over Chatterton’s; residence: Ninth Street, 6th house south of North Avenue.[13]
1882 “Anderson on the west side of the square … represent large establishments in the photographic business and have the reputation of making good work.”[14]
1882-1883 “photographic artist,” West Side of Square, over Chatterton’s; residence: 1145 North Ninth Street.[15]
1884 photographer; 513 North Side of Square, East Washington Street, residence: southwest corner of Ninth and Reservoir Streets.[16]
1884-1885 511 & 513 North Side of Square, East Washington Street, photographer; residence: southwest corner of Ninth and Reservoir Streets.[17]
1886-1887 “photographer,” 511, 513 North Side of Square; residence: over 127 North Sixth Street.[18]
1887-1888 “photographer,” 511 & 513 North Side of Square; East Washington Street; residence: 411 North Fifth Street.[19]
1889-1890 “photographer,” 511-513 East Washington Street; residence: 638 West Monroe Street.[20]
1890-1891 “photographer,” 511-513 East Washington Street; residence: 638 West Monroe Street.[21]
1891-1892 “photographer,” 511-513 East Washington Street; residence: 638 West Monroe Street.[22]
1892-1893 “photographer,” 511 and 513 East Washington Street; residence: 638 West Monroe Street.[23]
1894 “photographer,” 511 and 513 ½ East Washington Street; residence: 638 West Monroe.[24]
1895 awarded diploma for best display of photographic work at Illinois State Fair.[25]
1896-1987 “photographer,” 511½ East Washington Street; residence: 638 West Monroe Street.[26]
1898 “photographer,” 511 and 513 East Washington Street; residence: 638 West Monroe Street.[27]
1900 “photographer,” 511-513 East Washington Street; residence: 638 W. Monroe Street.[28]
1913 Died on May 2, 1913, in Springfield, Illinois.

“ANDERSON, L. S. - It would be difficult to state just how much has been accomplished by photography in the last four or five decades, to say how much nearer it has brought the peoples of the world together, to give its real educational value or to say what an important position those who are engaged in this profession hold. In the family circle, however, the photographer is an important personage, and he is generally held in real affection by those who have first been carried to him in arms to be photographed in their baby clothes, late proudly stand before him in their bridal garments, and still later take to him, as they themselves had been taken, their offspring, to put down in print the record of the today that will never come again. L. S. Anderson, one of the best-known photographers of Springfield, who still occupies the same stand that he first took when locating in the city, was born April 30, 1847, in New York State, a son of Rev. Lewis and Susan (Pratt) Anderson.

“Rev. Lewis Anderson was a minister of the Methodist Church, who came to Illinois in 1852, and for the last years of his life resided in Rockford, where he was pastor of the Methodist Church, and where his death occurred at the advanced age of eighty years.

“L. S. Anderson secured his education in the schools of Rockford, where he resided until twenty years of age and then went to Chicago where he learned the trade of photographer, working in that city for two years. In 1872 he came to Springfield and began work for Charles Payne, but soon engaged in business on his own account, and with the exception of two years he has occupied his present location on the north side of the Square. He has been very successful since coming to Springfield, now has one of the largest photographic studios in Central Illinois, and commands patronage for miles around. He is a member of Navarre Lodge No. 142, Knight of Phythias, of which he is Past Chancellor, and he has also served in the Grand Lodge. His politics are those of the Republican party and his religious faith that of the Methodist Church.

“On September 13, 1875, Mr. Anderson was married in Springfield, Ill., to Miss Sadie E. Bartram, who was born in Springfield February 6, 1858. Mrs. Anderson’s father was a soldier during the Civil War, being First Lieutenant of his company, and his death occurred shortly after the close of the hostilities. Four children have been born to Mr. And Mrs. Anderson, namely: George C. aged thirty-five years, in the employ of the Springfield Utility Company, married Hattie Arkles, of Chicago, and they have one son Norbert; Mrs. Hermione McConnell, aged twenty-three years; Harold L. Anderson, aged twenty-one years, second operator of the Anderson Studio, married Mabel M. Clouser of Spalding, Ill.; Susie Mae Anderson age eighteen years. The family is well and favorably in Springfield social circles.”[29]

1873-1874 Springfield City Directory Advertisement ForL. Sperry Anderson’s National Gem & Photograph Gallery[30]

1874-1875 Springfield City Directory Advertisement ForL. Sperry Anderson’s National Photograph Gallery[31]

1881-1882 Springfield City Directory Advertisement For Anderson’s Photographic Studio[32]

A photograph of the Three Story Brick Building on the West Side of the Public Square With Chatterton’s Jewelry Store on the First Floor, the site of L. Sperry Anderson’s Photographic Studio Circa 1873-1883 can be seen at page 325.

1885 Illinois State Journal Almanac and Annual Advertisement for L. S. Anderson[33]


1886-1887 City Directory Advertisement for L. S. Anderson[34]


Description of L. S. Anderson: Springfield in 1896, Illinois State Journal Souvenir Supplement[35]

L. Sperry Anderson’s Obituary From Journal of May 3, 1913[36]






L. Sperry Anderson’s Carte De Visite (Circa 1873-1883)[37]



L. Sperry Anderson’s National Photographic Gallery and Studio Carte De Visite (Circa 1873-1883)[38]

L. Sperry Anderson’s Carte De Visite (Circa 1877-1881)[39]



L. Sperry Anderson’s Carte De Visite (Circa 1877-1881)[40]


L. Sperry Anderson’s Cabinet Card of Susannah Meredith Jones (sitting right) and Her Three Daughters (Circa 1877-1883)[41]




L. Sperry Anderson’s Carte De Visite (Circa 1886-1900)[42]


L. Sperry Anderson’s Cabinet Card (Circa 1886-1900)[43]




L. Sperry Anderson’s Cabinet Card (Circa 1886-1900)[44]


L. Sperry Anderson’s Photograph of Jacob Bunn Jr., William Ferguson Bunn, Henry Bunn and George Bunn, Sr.[45]



L. Sperry Anderson’s Cabinet Card and Back (1892-1893)[46]
Awberry, Whitehurst &
(1849-1849: itinerant)
See Whitehurst & Awberry at page 255.

Battles, George W.
(1855-1855)

1855 Register advertisement dated August 10, 1855 for George W. Battles & Co.’s (of St. Louis) People’s Gallery over Watson’s Ice Cream Saloon (11 South Side of Square).



Register Advertisement Dated August 10, 1855 For George W. Battles’ People’s Daguerrean and Photographic Gallery[47]

Bennett & Ahl
(1900-1900)

1900 “photographers,” 1201 South Fifteenth Street;
Bennett, A. Edith, residence: 1201 South Fifteenth Street;
Ahl, Martha E., residence: 1201 South Fifteenth Street.[48]

Bennett, A. Edith
(1900-1900)

See Bennett & Ahl at page 19.


A. Edith Bennett’s Cabinet Card (Circa 1900)[49]
Bergen, Guy F.
(1898-1898)

1898 “photographer,” 221 South Sixth Street; residence: same.[50]
1920 In the 1920 United States Federal Census, Guy F. Bergen is listed as 45 years old; born in Illinois; race White; living in Pasadena Township, Los Angeles, California.


Guy F. Bergen’s Stereoview (1898)[51]

Bethgay, Julius
(1873-1874)
1873-1874 “photographer,” Fifth Street, 4 south of Washington Street;[52] 107 S. Fifth Street.



Julius Bethgay’s Carte De Visite (1873-1874)[53]



Julius Bethgay’s Carte De Visite of Henrietta Kingball (1873-1874)[54]

Bon Ton Gem Gallery
(1880-1881)

1880-1881 Arthur F. Ingmire, operator, L. Sperry Anderson, proprietor, 107½ West Side of Square.[55]

Breeden, Thomas M.
(1873-1874)

1873-1874 “photographer,” west side of Fifth Street, between Washington and Adams Streets;
boards: St. Nicholas Hotel.[56]

Bristol, H.
(1854-1854)

1854 Register advertisement dated May 17, 1854 for Bristol’s “Daguerean Rooms;” over the Post Office: “…have secured the services of Mr. Buckley, who is one of the best operators in the country…”;[57]
Weekly Capitol Enterprise, notice dated July 16, 1854: T. H. Buckley is not connected with H. Bristol as a Daguerrean Operator, or in any other way;[58]
Register advertisement dated November 16, 1854: Ewing & Rivers daguerrean artists have purchased the Daguerrean Rooms of H. Bristol; will continue business over Post Office.[59]

See Thomas H. Buckley at page 27.


Register Advertisement Dated May 17, 1854 For H. Bristol’s Daguerrean RoomsWith Mr. Buckley, Over the Post Office[60]

Weekly Capitol Enterprise Advertisement Dated June 16, 1854 For H. Bristol’s Daguerrean Rooms With Mr. Buckley, Over the Post Office[61]


Weekly Capitol Enterprise, notice dated July 15, 1854: T. H. Buckley is not connected with H. Bristol as a Daguerrean Operator[62]


August 12, 1854 Weekly Capitol Enterprise Article Praising H. Bristol as a Daguerrean Operator[63]

Brittingham, F. M.
(1884-1884)

1884 “assistant photographer,” 111 West Side of Square;
boards: corner of Adams and Third Streets.[64]

Brittingham, John G.
(1884-1885 and 1891-1893)

1884 “photographer,” 111 West Side of Square;
boards: southwest corner of Monroe and Spring Streets.[65]
1884-1885 “photographer,” 111 West Side of Square.[66]
1886-1890 Nothing.
1891-1892 “photographer,” 221 South Sixth Street; residence: same.[67]
1892-1893 “photographer,” 221 South Sixth Street; residence: same.[68]



John G. Brittingham’s Cabinet Card (Circa 1884-1885)[69]

The following six John G. Brittingham Cabinet Cards are interesting in that all are of posed with the same chair.



John G. Brittingham’s Cabinet Cards (Circa 1891-1893) [70]





John G. Brittingham’s Cabinet Cards (Circa 1891-1893)[71]


John G. Brittingham’s Cabinet Cards: Harry Dickerson (Left) and Two Ladies (Circa 1891-1893)[72]

Buckley, Thomas H.
(1854-1854)

1852-1855 Operated a daguerreian gallery in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1852 he was listed at 101 North Fourth Street, between Pine and Olive Streets. He was not listed in 1853, but in 1854-1855 was listed at 66 South Seventh Street.[73]
1854 Register advertisement dated May 17, 1854: Bristol’s “Daguerean Rooms,” over the Post Office (Fifth Street, between Jefferson and Washington Streets) “…have secured the services of Mr. Buckley, who is one of the best operators in the country…”;[74]
Weekly Capitol Enterprise, notice dated July 15, 1854: T. H. Buckley is not connected with H. Bristol as a Daguerrean Operator, or in any other way.[75]

See H. Bristol at page 22.

Burleigh, Fred D.
(1894-1898)
1894 “photographer G. N. Burleigh,” 111½ South Fifth Street;
boards: 329 North Fifth Street.[76]
1896 “photographer,” 111½ South Fifth Street;
residence: 329 North Fifth Street.[77]
1898 “photographer G. N. Burleigh,” 111½ South Fifth Street;
residence: 128 South Grand Avenue West.[78]

Burleigh, George N.
(1891-1900)

1891-1892 “photographer,” 111 South Fifth Street; residence: same.[79]
1892-1893 “photographer,” 111 South Fifth Street; residence: same.[80]
1894 “photographer,” 111½ South Fifth Street;
residence: 329 North Fifth Street.[81]
1896 “photographer,” 111½ South Fifth Street;
residence: 329 North Fifth Street.[82]
1898 “photographer,” 111½ South Fifth Street;
residence: 128 South Grand Avenue West.[83]
1900 111 ½ South Fifth Street;
residence: 515 South Spring Street.

See Burleigh & Lapham at page 32.


Description of George N. Burleigh: Springfield in 1896, Illinois State Journal Souvenir Supplement[84]





George N. Burleigh’s Cabinet Card (Circa 1891-1900)[85]






George N. Burleigh’s Cabinet Cards (Circa 1891-1900)[86]


George N. Burleigh’s Cabinet Card s(Circa 1891-1900)[87]

Burleigh & Lapham
(1900-1900)

1900 111½ South Fifth Street;
George N. Burleigh, residence: 515 South Spring Street;
Robert Lapham, boards: 921 South First Street.[88]

See George N. Burleigh at page 28.


Burleigh & Lapham’s Photograph (Circa 1900)[89]

Burleigh & Lapham’s Photograph of Allie Thomas Jones and James Alpheus Galloway (1900)[90]

Butler, Preston
(1856-1866)

1838 On August 2, 1838, Preston Butler married Theresa Farum in Macon County, Illinois.
1840 Preston Butler is listed in the 1840 Federal Census as a resident of Carlinville Township, Macoupin County, Illinois.[91]
1843 On May 15, 1843, a marriage license issued in De Witt County, Illinois, was returned, showing the marriage of Preston Butler and Catharine Laughlin.
1850 Preston Butler is listed in the 1850 Federal Census as a resident of the Macon District, Macon County, Illinois.[92]
1856 March 4, 1856 Journal: buys W. T. Iles’ daguerreotype establishment, South Side of Square; late of Decatur;[93]
April 8, 1856 Register: has rooms over Ruth’s New Building on South Side of Square for taking daguerreotypes and ambrotypes; instruction given in Ambrotyping;[94]
July 31, 1856 Journal: acquires right to make sphereotypes.[95]
1857 Register advertisement dated December 4, 1857, for John G. Stewart Fine Art Gallery; has acquired Daguerreian Gallery formerly occupied by Preston Butler, South Side of Square.[96]
1857-1858 “daguerreotypist,” South Side of Square;
residence: east side Sixth Street, between Gemini and Reynolds Streets.[97]
January 4, 1858 Register advertisement dated December 4, 1857 for John G. Stewart Fine Art Gallery; has acquired Daguerreian Gallery formerly occupied by Preston Butler, South Side of Square.[98]
1858 July 1858: takes photograph of Abraham Lincoln.
1859 “daguerreotype artist,” south side of Adams Street, between Fifth and Sixth Streets; third floor above T. S. Little’s clothing store;
residence: south side of Sixth Street, between Gemini and Reynolds Streets;[99]
Daily Evening Independent, advertisement dated May 1859: Preston Butler’s Gallery.[100]
1860 “photographic and ambrotype gallery,” South Side Public Square;
residence: east side of North Sixth Street, between Gemini and Reynolds Streets;[101]
1860 Federal Census: artist; $600/$200 Kentucky, 42 years old; wife Catherine, age 38 born in Illinois; 4 children; Elizabeth Butler, age 60, born in South Carolina;[102]
May 20, 1860: takes three photographs of Abraham Lincoln;[103]
May 24, 1860, Journal advertisement: Lincoln photographs;[104]
August 13, 1860: takes photographs of Abraham Lincoln;
November 1860: takes picture of Mary Todd Lincoln and sons William Wallace and Thomas Lincoln;
1860-1861 photographic and ambrotype gallery, South Side Public Square;
residence: east side of North Sixth Street, between Gemini and Reynolds Streets.[105]
1863 Butler & Smithers (sic Smetters), Photographic Artists, North Side of Square;
residence: North Sixth Street, between Gemini and Reynolds Streets;[106]
E. Smetters boards with P. Butler.[107]
1864 Butler, Peter (sp.), photographic artist, North Side of Square.[108]
1864-1866 While no listing is given for Butler & Smetters, There is the strong probability that the partnership of Butler & Smetters existed during some portion of the time period after the 1863 State Fair through August 1, 1866. See Butler & Smetters at page 49.
1877 Harry Butler was born on April 4, 1877, the son of Preston Butler. Preston is thought to have been one of many children. http://www.butler-soc.org/page6b.html


March 4, 1856 Journal Announcement of Preston Butler Acquiring W. T. Iles’ Gallery[109]


Register Advertisement Dated April 18, 1856 For Preston Butler’s “Daguerreain and Ambrotype Gallery”[110]


Register Advertisement Dated April 8, 1856 for Preston Butler’s Dauguerrian and Ambrotype Gallery[111]


1851-1858 City Directory Advertisement Dated September 26, 1857 For Preston Butler’s Premium Gallery[112]


Register Advertisement dated December 4, 1857 For John G. Stewart’s Fine Art Gallery, Formerly Occupied by P. Butler[113]

March 18, 1858 Journal Report of Robbbery of Preston Butler’s Daguerrean Gallery

Another Robbery.----The daguerrean gallery of P. Butler, South side of the square, was entered on Tuesday night and robbed of the most of its valuable contents, consisting of camera and other articles used in the business also a number of cases, gold lockets etc., amounting in value to between $400 and $500. Two men visited the establishment in the afternoon of that day, professing to be engaged in the same business elsewhere, and it is supposed they are the rogues. The same parties visited Campbell & Cullom’s law office, situated on the floor below, and abstracted the Criminal Code, from which they doubtless wished __ themselves up in the law, in order to be prepared for any emergency. Thieving is becoming quite common in our midst and it behooves all to be on their guard. [114]


Preston Butler’s Photograph of the South Side of the Square Circa 1858 Showing the Roof Top Sign Advertising His Gallery[115]

From March 1856 through 1860, Preston Butler’s photographic studio was on the third floor of “Ruth’s New Building” on the South side of the Public Square. The 1858 photograph of the South Side of the Square shown above was taken by Preston Butler and shows the roof top sign advertising Butler’s gallery. It was here that Butler took the following photographs of Lincoln.
Preston Butler’s Ambrotype Of Abraham Lincoln (Summer, 1858)[116]

Meserve Description: Meserve Number M-17: “A photograph of the ambrotype believed to have been made by Preston Butler in Springfield in 1858. McClure’s Magazine of March, 1896, state it was copied from a carbon enlargement of the ambrotype of June 1860, but the style of collar worn by Mr. Lincoln seems to place it in the earlier year.”[117]

Hamilton-Ostendorf Description: Ostendorf Number O-7, p. 24: He looks bland in this faded ambrotype (O-7) by Preston Butler, Springfield, Illinois, about July 1858. On July 17, 1858, Lincoln visited Atlanta, Illinois, and heard Douglas harangue a crowd but declined to speak himself. His host, Sylvester Strong, asked for a picture. Soon after Lincoln’s return to Springfield, he sent Strong this ambrotype, now in the Ostendorf collection.[118]

Mellon’s Description: “Gelatin silver print of a lost carbon enlargement of the lost ambrotype believed to have been made by Preston Butler, in Springfield, Illinois, during the summer of 1858. Meserve Collection.”[119]


1859 City Directory Advertisement For Preston Butler[120]

Daily Evening Independent, Advertisement Dated May 1859 for Preston Butler’s Gallery[121]


Preston Butler’s Ambrotype Of Abraham Lincoln (May 20, 1860)

Meserve Description: Meserve Number M-22: “A photograph of the ambrotype made by William Church in Springfield on May 20, 1860. This portrait, with Numbers 21 and 109, had no wide circulation, as they were made for Mr. J. Henry Brown of Philadelphia, who used them in painting a portrait of the nominee.”[122]

Hamilton-Ostendorf Description: Ostendorf Number O-20. “Lincoln lifts his eyes upward in this photograph (O-20) by William Marsh, Springfield, Illinois, May 20, 1860. Visited by Republican Convention delegate Marcus L. Ward of Newark, New Jersey, two days after his nomination, Lincoln was asked for a photograph. “he replied,” wrote Ward, “that he had not a satisfactory one, ‘but then’ he added, ‘we will walk out together and I will sit for one.’”

Long attributed to “William Church,” this portrait was actually taken by William Marsh, listed in the 1860-61 Springfield City Directory as “Photographer, Ambrotypes, W.S. Public Square.” No William Church appeared in the directory.”[123]

Mellon’s Description: “Original ambrotype presented by Lincoln to Marcus L. Ward, a delegate to the Republican national convention that had nominated Lincoln for the presidency. Made in Springfield, Illinois, May 20, 1860, probably by Preston Butler. Newark Public Library.”[124]

Day By Day: May 20, 1860: “Lincoln sits for two photographs. Meserve, 53.” [125]

Kunhardts Description: “Probably by Preston Butler, Springfield, Ill., May 20, 1860.”[126]


Preston Butler’s Ambrotype Of Abraham Lincoln (May 20, 1860)

Meserve Description: Meserve Number M-21: “A photograph of the ambrotype made by William Church in Springfield on May 20, 1860, two days after Lincoln’s nomination for President. This and Numbers 22 and 109 are believed to be the first portraits made of Lincoln after his nomination.”[127]

Hamilton-Ostendorf Description: Ostendorf Number O-21. “He looks straight into the camera. A second pose at the same sitting by William Marsh, Springfield, Illinois, May 20, 1860. Between exposures Lincoln used his fingers to comb what Sir William Howard Russell called his “thatch of wild Republican hair.” In both pictures Lincoln’s spectacles cord is visible across his white shirt.

The previous attribution of this and its companion pose to an imaginary William Church was perhaps caused by the misreading of an early identification. When written in the florid script of the last century, a capital “M” closely resemble “Ch,” and after this alteration, it would be easy to read a “u” for an “a” and a “c” for an “s” to turn the name “Marsh” into “Church.”[128]

Mellon’s Description: “The compiler believes that the three poses are the work of the Springfield photographer Preston Butler. On May 24, 1860, four days after this pose and at least one of the two companion poses were made, Butler advertised in the Illinois State Journal as follows: “P. Butler of this city has a number of photograph likenesses of Hon. Abraham Lincoln. He will sell them for one dollar each…” Furthermore, Butler, who is believed to have photographed Lincoln once before, made four poses of the presidential candidate on May 26, though none of these is known to survive. Again, on June 7, the Illinois State Journal reported: “P. Butler has executed a miniature photograph of Mr. Lincoln, suitable for badges…price 10 cents each, or $6 per thousand. His larger photographs are the best we have seen, and are going off quick at one dollar each.”[129]

The Lincoln Newsletter: The artistically-important Lincoln portrait—a beautiful salt print with an elaborate gold printed border—was taken on May 20, 1860, two days after Lincoln won his party’s presidential nomination. The evening before sitting for the photograph, he had greeted well-wishers who swarmed into his Springfield home to congratulate him on his convention victory.

The “vast crowd…passed in at the front door, and made their exit through the kitchen door in the rear,” an eyewitness remembered, “Mr. Lincoln giving them all a hearty shake of the had as they passed him in the parlor.” Hour after hour, Lincoln shook hands with friends, neighbors, and admirers—as well as the official committee appointed by the Convention to notify him formally of his nomination. The ordeal left the nominee’s hand badly swollen.

Nevertheless, when one of the members of that notification committee, delegate Marcus L. Ward of New Jersey, asked the next day for a photograph of the newly-anointed standard-bearer, Lincoln agreed to walk to a nearby gallery to have a new portrait taken. The photograph was made by William Marsh, who gallery was located a few doors from the candidate’s law office, across the public square from the State Capitol where Lincoln had delivered his famous “House Divided” speech two years earlier.[130]


Preston Butler’s Ambrotype Of Abraham Lincoln (May 20, 1860)

Meserve Description: Meserve Number 109: “A photograph of the ambrotype made by William Church in Springfield on May 20, 1860, at the same time as Numbers 21 and 22.”[131]

Hamilton-Ostendorf Description: Ostendorf Number O-22. “Six days after his nomination, this ambrotype, probably by William Marsh, Springfield, May 24, 1860, was taken at the suggestion of Lincoln’s campaign biographer, Joseph H. Barrett, who needed a photograph as the frontispiece for his Life of Abraham Lincoln (Cincinnati, 1860). Wrote Barrett: “At my request and in my presence (May 24, 1860) he sat for a daguerreotype (a term used for ambrotypes mounted in daguerreotype cases) which was lithographically reproduced for the volume then in preparation, published the following month.”

Previous biographers have assigned this photograph to the sitting of May 20, but notice that Lincoln’s spectacle cord is not visible and his tie is knotted differently.”[132]

Mellon’s Description: “Lincoln, several days after being nominated for the presidency of the United States. Original ambrotype presented by Lincoln to Joseph H. Barrett and subsequently reproduced lithographically as a frontispiece in Barrett’s Life of Abraham Lincoln. Made in Springfield, Illinois, May 20 or 24, 1860, probably by Preston Butler. Nebraska State Historical Society.”[133]

Day By Day: “May 20 (1860). Lincoln sits for two photographs. Meserve, 53.”[134]


May 24, 1860 Journal Advertisement for Preston Butler’s Lincoln Photographs[135]


Preston Butler’s Ambrotype Of Abraham Lincoln (August 13, 1860)

Meserve Description: Meserve Number M-29: “A photograph of the 4” x 5” ambrotype made by Preston Butler in Springfield on August 13, 1860, for Mr. J. Henry Brown, who used it to make a miniature on ivory which later was owned by Mr. Robert Todd Lincoln.”[136]

Hamilton-Ostendorf Description: Ostendorf Number O-36. “Hard lines in his face” show in this ambrotype by Preston Butler, Springfield, Monday, August 13, 1860. This pose and the similar one opposite were made for the portrait painter, John Henry Brown, noted for his miniatures on ivory. Brown arrived in Springfield on August 12 with a commission from Judge John M. Read of Philadelphia to paint a good-looking miniature of Lincoln “whether or not the subject justifies it”! Brow went with Lincoln to Butler’s daguerreotype studio, where Butler took six ambrotypes, of which only these two survive. “There are so many hard lines in his face,” wrote Brown in his diary, “that it becomes a mask to the inner man. His true character only shines out when in an animated conversation, or when telling an amusing tale…He is said to be a homely man; I do not think so.”[137]

Mellon’s Description: “The fifty-one year-old presidential candidate. Believed to be the only surviving original of the half dozen ambrotypes made by Preston Butler, in Springfield, Illinois, August 13, 1860, for use by the miniature portraitist John Henry Brown. Library of Congress.”[138]

“In August 1860, Judge John Read, a Republican leader in Philadelphia who was dissatisfied with the current likenesses of Lincoln, sent the miniature portraitist John Henry Brown, of Philadelphia, to paint the Republican presidential candidate for a campaign engraving, which was later made by Samuel Sartain. In Springfield, Illinois, Brown engaged the photographer Preston Butler to make some ambrotypes of Lincoln, who presumably could not spare the time for extensive sittings. Of the half dozen ambrotypes which Butler made, all except this one appear to be lost, though the image of a second one is preserved in copy photographs (see page 193, lower left). Of Brown’s painting, which was influenced by the surviving ambrotype, Lincoln wrote to Judge Reed, “The miniature likeness of myself, taken by your friend, J. Henry Brown, is an excellent one, so far as I can judge. To my unpracticed eye, it is without fault.” The ambrotype was acquired from the painter’s son, W. P. Brown, by the Lincoln collector William Lambert. Later owned by A. Conger Goodyear, it was bequeathed with his collection to the Library of Congress in 1965.”[139]

Day By Day: “August 13. J. Henry Brown, Pennsylvania artist, arrives with letter of introduction from John M. Read, Pennsylvania Republican. Lincoln consents to sit for miniature painted on ivory. “We walked together…,” wrote Brown, “to a daguerrean establishment. I had a half dozen of ambrotypes taken of him before I could get one to suit me.” InFtwL---Brown Journal, Ms., photo.”[140]

Kunhardts Description: “By Preston Butler, Springfield, Illinois, August 13, 1860.”[141]


Preston Butler’s Photograph Of Abraham Lincoln (August 13, 1860)[142]

Meserve Description: Meserve Number M-30: “A photograph of the 4” x 5” ambrotype made by Preston Butler in Springfield on August 13, 1860. It is likely that this portrait was made for the same purpose as was Number 29.”[143]

Hamilton-Ostendorf Description: Ostendorf Number O-37. “The last beardless portrait, an ambrotype by Preston Butler, taken at his daguerreotype studio in Springfield, August 13, 1860, was made at the request of the miniaturist, John Henry Brown of Philadelphia. Lincoln’s lips are firmly set, abut there is a half-twinkle in his eyes. Earlier in the summer the journalist Charles C. Coffin had called upon the candidate and noted “a sincerity which won instant confidence. The lines upon his face, the large ears, sunken cheeks, enormous nose, shaggy hair, the deep-set eyes, sparkling with humor, and which seemed to be looking far away, were distinguishing facial marks…a stranger meeting him on a country road, ignorant of his history, would have said, “He is no ordinary man.”[144]

“Hard lines in his face” show in this ambrotype by Preston Butler, Springfield, Monday, August 13, 1860. This pose and (O-36) were made for the portrait painter, John Henry Brown, noted for his miniatures on ivory. Brown arrived in Springfield on August 12 with a commission from Judge John M. Read of Philadelphia to paint a good-looking miniature of Lincoln “whether or not the subject justified it”! Brown went with Lincoln to Butler’s daguerreotype studio, where Butler took six ambrotypes, of which only these two survive. There are so many hard lines in his face,” wrote Brown in his diary, “that it becomes a mask to the inner man. His true character only shines out when in an animated conversation, or when telling an amusing tale. … He is said to be a homely man; I do not think so.”


Preston Butler’s Tintype Photograph Of William Lombard (November 1, 1860)


Back of Preston Butler’s Tintype Photograph Of William Lombard (November 1, 1860)[145]
Butler & Smetters
(1863-Circa 1866)

1863 Butler & Smithers (sic Smetters), “photographic artists,” North Side of Square (Butler & Smithers sic.)[146]
E. Smetters boards with P. Butler.[147]
1864-1866 While no listing is given for Butler & Smetters, the three CDV’s below show a backmark of “Butler & Smetters” and the third one contains a federal tax stamp. The federal tax stamp was in effect from August 1, 1864 through August 1, 1866. In addition, all of the CDV’s contain the following as a part of the backmark, “First Premium awarded at the State Fair for 1863.” Therefore, there is the strong probability that the partnership of Butler & Smetters existed during some portion of the time period from the 1863 State Fair through August 1, 1866.



Butler & Smetters’ Carte De Visite (Circa 1863)[148]





Butler & Smetters’ Cartes De Visite (Circa 1863)[149]


Butler & Smetters’ Carte De Visite (Circa 1864-1866)[150]

[1] Register, September 19, 1845, p. 3, cl. 5.
[2] Journal, October 30, 1845, p. 2, cl. 6.
[3] Journal, May 13, 1850, p. 3, cl. 1.
[4] Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois and History of Sangamon County, Volume II--Biographical, Chicago: Munsell Publishing Company, Publishers 1912, p. 1007. (Hereinafter referred to as “1912 History.”)
[5] Gould’s Springfield Directory for 1873-4, Springfield, David B. Goluld & Co., Publishers, Journal Company, Printers, pp. 19 and 225. (Hereinafter referred to as “1873-4 City Directory.”)
[6] Directory of Springfield, Sangamon County, , by Township, For the Years 1874-75, Compiled and Published by Julius Babeuf, Springfield, Illinois Journal Co., Printers, 1874, pp. 18 and 20. (Hereinafter referred to as “1874-75 City Directory.”)
[7] Illinois State Marriage Index, Sangamon County. Illinois State Archives, Online Databases, Illinois Statewide Marriage Index, 1763–1900, An Ongoing Project of the Illinois State Archives & the Illinois State Genealogical Society, Sangamon County. (Hereinafter referred to as “Illinois State Marriage Index.”)
005/0063. http://www.sos.state.il.us/departments/archives/marriage.html.
[8] Centennial City and Township Directory of Springfield, Illinois, Compiled and published by the Springfield Publishing Company, C. A. Helmle, Pres’t & Treas’r., Springfield, Illinois Journal Company, Printers, 1876, p. 17. (Hereinafter referred to as “1876 City Directory.”)
[9] 1877 Springfield City Directory, Published by Sangamon County Genealogical Society, P. O. Box 1829, Springfield, Illinois 62705, May 1988, p. 60. (Hereinafter referred to as “1877 City Directory.”)
[10] A Directory of the City of Springfield and Business Guide for 1879-80, Compiled and published by The Springfield City Directory Company, J. B. Gilliland, J. L. Phillips, Will H. Gilliland, Springfield, Illinois Journal Company, 1879, pp. 15 and 187. (Hereinafter referred to as “1879-80 City Directory.”)
[11] 1880 United States Federal Census: Place: Springfield, Sangamon, Illinois; Roll: T9_249; Family History Film: 1254249; Page: 163C; Enumeration District: 225; Image: 0615.
[12] Gould’s Springfield Directory for 1880-81, Price, Three Dollars, Springfield, David B. Gould, Publisher, Journal Col, Printers, pp. 20 and 243. (Hereinafter referred to as “1880-81 City Directory.”)
[13] Thomas Knox’s Business and Family Directory of Springfield, Illinois, For 1881-82, Springfield, H. W. Rokker, Printer and Binder, 1881, pp. 26 and 127. (Hereinafter referred to as “1881-82 City Directory.”) J. Babeuf’s Directory of Springfield, Illinois and Business Mirror, for 1881-82, Springfield, J. Babeuf, 1881, pp. 20 and 227.. (Hereinafter referred to as “Babeuf’s 1881-82 City Directory.”)
[14] Journal, January 3, 1883, p. 1.
[15] 1882-83 City Directory, pp. 26 and 255.
[16] Phillips Brothers & McIntosh’s Springfield City Directory, Springfield, Illinois, 1884, pp. 28 and 305. (Hereinafter referred to as “1884 City Directory.”)
[17] 1884-85 City Directory, p. 307.
[18] Babeuf’s Directory of the City of Springfield and Sangamon County, Illinois, 1886-7, Price Five Dollars, Springfield, Compiled and Published by J. Babeuf, 1886, pp. 28 and 311. (Hereinafter referred to as “1886-1887 City Directory.”)
[19] Babeuf’s 1887-8 Directory of the City of Springfield, Illinois, Price Three Dollars, Springfield, Compiled and Published by J. Babeuf, 1887, pp. 29 and 327. (Hereinafter referred to as “1887-1888 City Directory.”) Springfield City Directory and Sangamon County Gazetteer, Price Four Dollars, Compiled and published by J. E. Fitzpatrick, Springfield, Ill., pp. 30 and 384. (Hereinafter referred to as “Fitzpatrick’s 1887-1888 City Directory.”)
[20] Hendrix & Co.’s Springfield City Directory 1889-90, Hendrix & Co., Springfield, Illinois, pp. 29-404. (Hereinafter referred to as “1889-90 City Directory.”)
[21] 1890-91 City Directory, pp. 75 and 546.
[22] 1891-1892 City Directory, pp. 108 and 631.
[23] 1892-1893 City Directory, pp. 60 and 651.
[24] Springfield City Directory 1894, Price $4.00, Published by Springfield Directory Company, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 66 and 543. (Hereinafter referred to as “1894 City Directory.”)
[25] Springfield in 1896, Illinois State Journal Souvenir Supplement, September 16, 1896, Illinois State Journal Press, p. 74. (Hereinafter referred to as “Springfield in 1896.”)
[26] Springfield City Directory 1896, Price, $4.00, Springfield Directory Company, 402 East Adams Street. (Hereinafter referred to as “1896 City Directory.”)
[27] 1898 City Directory, pp. 49 and 642.
[28] 1900 City Directory, pp. 52 and 618.
[29] 1912 History, p. 1007.
[30] 1873-1874 Springfield City Directory, p. 257.
[31] 1874-1875 Springfield City Directory, p. 20.
[32] 1881-82 City Directory, inside back cover.
[33] Illinois State Journal Almanac and Annual for 1885, The Journal Company, Springfield, Illinois.
[34] 1886-1887 City Directory.
[35] Springfield In 1896, Illinois State Journal Souvenir Supplement, Springfield, Illinois, p. 74. (Hereinafter referred to as “Springfield In 1896.”)
[36] Journal, May 3, 1913, p. 9.
[37] From the collection of Richard E. Hart, Springfield, Illinois. (Hereinafter referred to as “Hart.”)
[38] Sangamon Valley Collection, Lincoln Library, Springfield, Illinois. (Hereinafter referred to as “SVC”)
[39] Hart.
[40] Hart.
[41] From the collection of Mike Jones, Springfield, Illinois. (Hereinafter referred to as “Jones.”)
[42] Hart.
[43] Jones.
[44] Jones.
[45] SVC.
[46] Hart.
[47] Register, August 27, 1855, p. 3, cl. 5.
[48] 1900-91 City Directory, pp. 72 and 618.
[49] Hart.
[50] 1898 City Directory, pp. 74 and 642.
[51] Archives, Brookens Library, University of Illinois at Springfield, Springfield, Illinois, (Hereinafter referred to as “UIS, Booth-Gruenendike Collection.”)
[52] 1873-4 City Directory, pp. 27 and 225.
[53] Hart.
[54] Hart.
[55] 1880-81 City Directory, pp. 32 and 243.
[56] 1873-4 City Directory, pp. 32 and 225.
[57] Register, May 24, 1854, p. 3, cl. 3; December 28, 1854, p. 1, cl. 1.
[58] Weekly Capitol Enterprise, newspaper at Springfield, Illinois, August 12, 1854, p. 3, cl. 6. (Hereinafter referred to as “Weekly Capitol Enterprise.”)
[59] Register, July 2, 1855, p. 4, cl. 5.
[60] Register, May 24, 1854, p. 3, cl. 3; December 28, 1854, p. 1, cl. 1.
[61] Weekly Capitol Enterprise, July 8, 1854, p. 3, cl. 7.
[62] Weekly Capitol Enterprise, August 12, 1854, p. 3, cl. 6.
[63] Weekly Capitol Enterprise, August 12, 1854, p. 3, cl. 6.
[64] 1884 City Directory, p. 48.
[65] 1884 City Directory, pp. 48 and 305.
[66] 1884-1885 City Directory, pp. 48 and 307.
[67] 1891-1892 City Directory, pp. 147 and 631.
[68] 1892-1893 City Directory, pp. 109 and 651.
[69] Hart.
[70] Jones.
[71] Jones.
[72] Hart.
[73] “Craig’s Daguerreian Registry, The Acknowledged Resource on American Photographers 1839-1860,” a web site devoted to American daguerreian photographers—the earliest photographers. The internet web cite is http://www.daguerreotype.com/ and its author is John S. Craig. (Hereinafter referred to as “Craig”)
[74] Register, May 24, 1854, p. 3, cl. 3; December 28, 1854, p. 1, cl. 1.
[75] Weekly Capitol Enterprise, August 12, 1854, p. 3, cl. 6.
[76] 1894 City Directory, p. 111.
[77] 1896 City Directory, p. 61.
[78] 1898 City Directory, pp. 106 and 642.
[79] 1891-1892 City Directory, pp. 156 and 632.
[80] 1892-1893 City Directory, pp. 120 and 651.
[81] 1894 City Directory, pp. 111 and 543.
[82] 1896 City Directory, pp. 61 and 570.
[83] 1898 City Directory, pp. 106 and 642.
[84] Springfield In 1896, p. 100.
[85] Hart.
[86] Jones.
[87] Hart.
[88] 1900-91 City Directory, pp. 105 and 618.
[89] Hart.
[90] From the collection of Marie Marvin, Pawnee, Illinois. (Hereinafter referred to as “Marvin.”) This is probably a wedding picture.
[91] 1840 United States Federal Census: Roll: p. 023.
[92] 1850 United States Federal Census: Roll: M432_118, p. 126; Image 4.
[93] Journal, March 4, 1856, p. 3, cl. 1.
[94] Register, January 1, 1858, p. 3, cl. 3.
[95] Journal, July 31, 1856, p. 3, cl. 1.
[96] Register, January 4, 1858, p. 3, cl. 3.
[97] Springfield City Directory, For 1857-’58, compiled by B. Winters, & Co., published by B. Winters & Co., Springfield, S. H. Jameson & Co., Printers, Republican Office, 1857, pp. 40 and advertisement. (Hereinafter referred to as “1857-58 City Directory.”)
[98] Register, January 4, 1858, p. 3, cl. 3.
[99] Buck & Kreigh’s City Directory, For the Year 1859, Springfield, Illinois, Compiled and published by E. B. Buck and E. P. Kreigh, Springfield, printed at B. A. Richards & Co.’s Job Office, 1859, pp. 32 and 105. (Hereinafter referred to as “1859 City Directory.”)
[100] Daily Evening Independent, July 6, 1859, p. 3, cl. 4.
[101] Williams’ Springfield Directory, City Guide and Business Mirror, for 1860-61, Compiled by C. S. Williams, Springfield, Illinois, Johnson & Bradford, Booksellers and Stationers, West Side of Public Square, 1860, p. 64. (Hereinafter referred to as “1860-61 City Directory.”)
[102] 1860 United States Federal Census: 1601/1605, p. 198.
[103] Lincoln Day By Day, A Chronology 1809-1865, Earl Schenck Miers, Editor-in-Chief, Morningside, Dayton, Ohio, 1991, p. 281. (Hereinafter hereinafter referred to as “Day By Day”.)
[104] Journal, May 24, 1860, p. 3, cl. 2.
[105] 1860-61 City Directory, p. 64.
[106] Campbell & Richardson’s Springfield City Directory and Business Mirror for 1863, Johnson & Bradford, Booksellers and Printers, West Side of the Public Square, 1863, Preface dated February 17, 1863, p. 51. (Hereinafter referred to as “1863 City Directory.”) Because the Preface is dated February 17, 1863, Dr. Wayne Temple reasonably concludes that “The information in this directory had to be complied in 1862, since it was published on February 17, 1863.” C. S. German: Photographer To President–Elect Lincoln, Wayne C. Temple, unpublished manuscript, p 13. (Hereinafter referred to as “Temple.”)
[107] 1863 City Directory, p. 124.
[108] Springfield City Directory and Business Mirror for 1864, Compiled by Julius Babeuf, Springfield, Johnson & Bradford, Booksellers and Printers, West Side of Public Square, 1864, p. 21. (Hereinafter referred to as “1864 City Directory.”)
[109] Journal, March 4, 1856, p. 3, cl. 1.
[110] Register, August 1, 1856, p. 1, cl. 1.
[111] Register, January 1, 1858, p. 3, cl. 3.
[112] 1857-1858 Springfield City Directory, unnumbered page.
[113] Register, January 4, 1858, p. 3, cl. 3.
[114] Journal, March 18, 1858, p. 3, cl. 1.
[115] Hart.
[116] Among the books that feature photographs of Abraham Lincoln are:
Lincoln In Photographs, An Album of Every Known Pose, Charles Hamilton and Lloyd Ostendorf, Morningside, Dayton, Ohio, 1985. (Hereinafter referred to as “Ostendorf.”);
The Photographs of Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Hill Meserve, Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York, 1944. (Hereinafter referred to as “Meserve.”);
Lincoln: A Picture Story of His Life, Stefan Lorant, Harper & Brothers, (W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 1969);
The Face of Lincoln, Compiled and Edited by James Mellon, A Studio Book, The Viking Press, New York, 1979;
The Lincoln Family Album, Mark E. Neely, Jr. and Harold Holzer, Doubleday, 1990.
Lincoln, An Illustrated Biography, Philip B. Kunhardt, Philip B. Kunhardt III, and Peter W. Kunhardt, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1992. (Hereinafter hereinafter referred to as (“Kunhardt.”); and
Lincoln: A Pictorial History, Dr. Edward Steers, Jr., Thomas Publications, 1993.
The Meserve and Ostendorf numbering systems for Lincoln photographs: The Meserve system was created by Lincoln collector and scholar Fredrick Hill Meserve and is denoted by the letter M followed by the photograph’s number. Later, Lincoln artist and collector Lloyd Ostendorf re-cataloged all known Lincoln photographs with an updated system which uses the letter O followed by the photograph’s number. The Meserve and Ostendorf system use different catalog numbers. The principal advantage of the Ostendorf system is that it is more recent and therefore is based on a more thorough body of known Lincoln photographs.
[117] Meserve, photograph number 17, no page numbers.
[118] Ostendorf, p. 24.
[119] Mellon, pp. 30 and 32.
[120] 1859 City Directory, p.106.
[121] Daily Evening Independent, July 6, 1859, p. 3, cl. 4.
[122] Meserve.
[123] Ostendorf, p. 42.
[124] Mellon, p. 65.
[125] Day By Day, p. 281.
[126] Kunhardt, pp. 94 and 414.
[127] Meserve.
[128] Ostendorf, p. 43.
[129] Mellon, pp. 196-198.
[130] Rare Uncropped Lincoln Portrait on Display at Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Lincoln Newsletter, a publication of the Lincoln College Museum, Lincoln, Illinois, Volume XII, Number 2, Summer 1993, p. 8.
[131] Meserve.
[132] Ostendorf, p. 44.
[133] Mellon, p. 55.
[134] Day By Day, p. 281.
[135] Journal, May 24, 1860, p. 3, cl. 2.
[136] Meserve.
[137] Ostendorf, pp. 62 and 63.
[138] Mellon, p. 72.
[139] Mellon, p. 196.
[140] Day By Day, p. 288.
[141] Kunhardt, pp. 9 and 414.
[142] Ostendorf, p. 62.
[143] Meserve.
[144] Ostendorf, p. 66.
[145] Hart.
[146] 1863 City Directory, p. 51.
[147] 1863 City Directory, p. 124.
[148] SVC.
[149] Hart.
[150] SVC. United States Tax Stamps: See the explanation at page 345.